Nokea
This Hormone Is Responsible for the 'Fight-or-Flight' Response
- A. Thyroxine and melatonin
- B. Insulin and glucagon
- C. Epinephrine and norepinephrine
- D. Oestrogen and progesterone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones are responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response. When the body perceives a threat, these hormones are released by the adrenal glands, preparing the body for a rapid response to danger. Epinephrine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to muscles, while norepinephrine helps maintain alertness and focus.
Choice A (Thyroxine and melatonin) are hormones involved in regulating metabolism and sleep-wake cycles, not the 'fight-or-flight' response.
Choice B (Insulin and glucagon) are hormones that regulate blood sugar levels, not the 'fight-or-flight' response.
Choice D (Oestrogen and progesterone) are reproductive hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, not the 'fight-or-flight' response.
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The 'hormone response element' is located on the cell __________.
- A. membrane
- B. DNA
- C. RNA
- D. enzymes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: DNA. Hormone response elements are specific DNA sequences where hormone receptors bind to regulate gene expression. This binding initiates the transcription of target genes. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because hormone response elements are not located on the cell membrane, RNA, or enzymes. The key is understanding that hormone receptors act on DNA to regulate gene expression, making choice B the most appropriate answer.
The nurse is teaching assistive personnel (AP) about hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands. Which hormone has the primary responsibility of maintaining fluid volume and electrolyte composition?
- A. Sodium
- B. Magnesium
- C. Aldosterone
- D. Renin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid volume and electrolyte composition by regulating sodium and potassium levels in the body. It promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys, helping to maintain blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Therefore, aldosterone has the primary responsibility for maintaining fluid volume and electrolyte composition.
A: Sodium - While sodium is an important electrolyte involved in fluid balance, it is not a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
B: Magnesium - Magnesium is also an important electrolyte, but it is not primarily responsible for maintaining fluid volume and electrolyte composition in the body.
D: Renin - Renin is an enzyme produced by the kidneys that plays a role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance, but it is not a hormone produced by the adrenal glands and does not have the primary responsibility for maintaining fluid volume and electrolyte composition.
What is observed when aqueous silver nitrate is added to this mixture?
- A. white precipitate
- B. white solution
- C. yellow precipitate
- D. yellow solution
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: When aqueous silver nitrate is added to a mixture, a yellow precipitate forms if there are chloride ions present. This is due to the formation of silver chloride, which is insoluble in water. The reaction is AgNO3 + Cl- → AgCl↓ + NO3-. Therefore, choice C is correct.
Choice A (white precipitate) is incorrect because silver chloride is yellow, not white. Choice B (white solution) is incorrect as a precipitate forms, not a solution. Choice D (yellow solution) is incorrect because the product is a solid precipitate, not a solution.
A patient presents with food poisoning that is attributed to botulism (Botulinum toxin poisoning). Which of the following is a correct characteristic, finding, or mechanism associated with this toxin?
- A. Complete failure of all cholinergic neurotransmission
- B. Favorable response to administration of pralidoxime
- C. Impairment of parasympathetic, but not sympathetic, nervous system activation
- D. Massive overstimulation of all structures having muscarinic cholinergic receptors
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Complete failure of all cholinergic neurotransmission. Botulinum toxin inhibits acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions, leading to complete failure of all cholinergic neurotransmission. This results in flaccid paralysis and characteristic symptoms of botulism. Choice B is incorrect because pralidoxime is used to treat organophosphate poisoning, not botulism. Choice C is incorrect as botulinum toxin affects both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Choice D is incorrect as botulinum toxin does not cause overstimulation but rather inhibits neurotransmission.
Virilization is characterized by:
- A. excess facial hair.
- B. buffalo hump.
- C. truncal obesity.
- D. gonadal atrophy.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: excess facial hair. Virilization refers to the development of male secondary sexual characteristics in females due to increased androgen levels. Excess facial hair, known as hirsutism, is a classic sign of virilization. Buffalo hump (B) and truncal obesity (C) are associated with Cushing's syndrome, not virilization. Gonadal atrophy (D) refers to the shrinkage of the gonads and is not a typical feature of virilization.