Nokea
Which of the following is a function of parathyroid hormone?
- A. It causes the excretion of calcium in the urine.
- B. It stimulates osteoblastic activity to form bone.
- C. It stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin.
- D. It increases plasma levels of calcium.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: It increases plasma levels of calcium. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts to increase calcium levels in the blood by stimulating the release of calcium from bones, enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines, and reducing calcium excretion in the kidneys. This process helps maintain proper calcium levels in the blood. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because PTH does not cause the excretion of calcium in the urine (A), stimulate osteoblastic activity to form bone (B), or stimulate the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin (C).
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Anti-cholinesterase drugs include the following drugs EXCEPT:
- A. Physostigmine
- B. Carbachol
- C. Metrifonate
- D. Neostigmine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Carbachol. Anti-cholinesterase drugs inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, increasing levels of acetylcholine. Carbachol is a direct cholinergic agonist, not an anti-cholinesterase drug. Physostigmine, Metrifonate, and Neostigmine are all anti-cholinesterase drugs that work by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Physostigmine is used for glaucoma and atropine overdose, Metrifonate for parasitic infections, and Neostigmine for myasthenia gravis.
Mrs. A. asks why her urine is being tested so often for sugar since she does not have diabetes. The nurse's best response is which of the following?
- A. Your adrenal gland is producing too much hormone causing your blood sugar to increase and it is spilling into your urine.
- B. I can't tell you that information; you will have to ask your doctor to tell you when he comes in.
- C. The medicine we are giving you for your Cushing syndrome can sometimes cause diabetes, so we are checking for it.
- D. Your pancreas is not producing enough insulin to take care of the sugar in your blood.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In Cushing syndrome, excess cortisol can increase blood sugar, leading to glucosuria, so urine is monitored for sugar.
The adenohypophysis:
- A. secretes ADH and oxytocin.
- B. refers to the anterior pituitary gland.
- C. secretes releasing hormones.
- D. secretes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the adenohypophysis refers specifically to the anterior pituitary gland, which secretes various hormones like growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Choice A is incorrect because ADH and oxytocin are actually secreted by the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). Choice C is incorrect because releasing hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus, not the adenohypophysis. Choice D is incorrect because glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens are actually secreted by the adrenal cortex, not the anterior pituitary gland.
Which is not a function of the hypothalamus?
- A. Affect heart rate
- B. Control temperature
- C. Affect water balance
- D. Secrete FSH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Secrete FSH. The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the pituitary gland's secretion of hormones such as FSH. The hypothalamus itself does not secrete FSH. A, B, and C are functions of the hypothalamus as it is involved in regulating heart rate, temperature control, and water balance through various hormonal and neural pathways.
Thyroxine:
- A. is TSH.
- B. is T4.
- C. exerts negative feedback control on the secretion of T3.
- D. lowers basal metabolic rate.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Thyroxine is also known as T4, a thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism. TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate thyroid hormone production, not thyroxine itself. Choice C is incorrect because thyroxine exerts negative feedback on TSH, not T3. Choice D is incorrect as thyroxine actually increases basal metabolic rate. Thus, the correct answer is B as thyroxine is indeed T4.