Nokea
What is a potential adverse effect of palpation of an enlarged thyroid gland?
- A. Carotid artery obstruction
- B. Damage to the cricoid cartilage
- C. Release of excessive thyroid hormone into circulation
- D. Hoarseness from pressure on the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Palpation of an enlarged thyroid gland may trigger the release of excessive thyroid hormone, especially if the thyroid is overactive, such as in Graves' disease.
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What is observed when aqueous silver nitrate is added to this mixture?
- A. white precipitate
- B. white solution
- C. yellow precipitate
- D. yellow solution
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: When aqueous silver nitrate is added to a mixture, a yellow precipitate forms if there are chloride ions present. This is due to the formation of silver chloride, which is insoluble in water. The reaction is AgNO3 + Cl- → AgCl↓ + NO3-. Therefore, choice C is correct.
Choice A (white precipitate) is incorrect because silver chloride is yellow, not white. Choice B (white solution) is incorrect as a precipitate forms, not a solution. Choice D (yellow solution) is incorrect because the product is a solid precipitate, not a solution.
Which hormone is produced by the pancreas and acts on the liver to increase blood glucose levels?
- A. glucagon; liver
- B. melatonin; liver
- C. glucagon; kidney
- D. calcitonin; thyroid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: glucagon is produced by the pancreas and acts on the liver to increase blood glucose levels. Glucagon triggers the liver to break down glycogen into glucose, releasing it into the bloodstream. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland and is not involved in glucose regulation. Glucagon does not act on the kidney but specifically targets the liver. Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and plays a role in calcium regulation, not glucose metabolism.
The nurse is teaching assistive personnel (AP) about hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands. Which hormone has the primary responsibility of maintaining fluid volume and electrolyte composition?
- A. Sodium
- B. Magnesium
- C. Aldosterone
- D. Renin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid volume and electrolyte composition by regulating sodium and potassium levels in the body. It promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys, helping to maintain blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Therefore, aldosterone has the primary responsibility for maintaining fluid volume and electrolyte composition.
A: Sodium - While sodium is an important electrolyte involved in fluid balance, it is not a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
B: Magnesium - Magnesium is also an important electrolyte, but it is not primarily responsible for maintaining fluid volume and electrolyte composition in the body.
D: Renin - Renin is an enzyme produced by the kidneys that plays a role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance, but it is not a hormone produced by the adrenal glands and does not have the primary responsibility for maintaining fluid volume and electrolyte composition.
A patient presents with weight loss, sweating, palpitations, tachycardia, tremors, lid lag, exopthalmosis, and a goiter. Upon taking a thyroid scan, there appears to be an increased amount of iodine. What is the pathogenesis of his disease?
- A. Autoimmune Mediated
- B. Immune Complex Mediated
- C. Unknown
- D. Infection
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Autoimmune Mediated. In this case, the patient is presenting with symptoms of hyperthyroidism along with a goiter, which is indicative of Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder where antibodies stimulate the thyroid gland to produce excess thyroid hormones. The presence of increased iodine uptake in the thyroid scan supports this diagnosis. On the other hand, immune complex mediated diseases typically involve tissue damage caused by immune complexes, not thyroid hormone excess. The cause being unknown or infection-related are not consistent with the symptoms and thyroid scan findings in this case.
The 'hormone response element' is located on the cell __________.
- A. membrane
- B. DNA
- C. RNA
- D. enzymes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: DNA. Hormone response elements are specific DNA sequences where hormone receptors bind to regulate gene expression. This binding initiates the transcription of target genes. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because hormone response elements are not located on the cell membrane, RNA, or enzymes. The key is understanding that hormone receptors act on DNA to regulate gene expression, making choice B the most appropriate answer.