Endocrine System Test Questions

Endocrine System Test Questions Related

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Which of the following statements regarding pituitary hormones is false?

  • A. The hypothalamus makes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, which are transported to the posterior pituitary for storage.
  • B. Antidiuretic hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, causes urine volume to increase and blood volume to decrease.
  • C. Luteinizing hormone, an anterior pituitary hormone, triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogens.
  • D. Hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone leads to sterility in both males and females.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the posterior pituitary, and its main function is to increase water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to decreased urine volume and increased blood volume.

Step 2: If ADH causes urine volume to increase and blood volume to decrease, it would be counterproductive to its known physiological role.

Step 3: Therefore, Choice B is false as it contradicts the established function of ADH.

Summary:
- Choice A is true because oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are indeed produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary.
- Choice C is true as luteinizing hormone does trigger ovulation and stimulates the production of progesterone and some estrogens.
- Choice D is true because hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone can lead to infertility in both males and females.

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When providing discharge instructions to a patient who had a subtotal thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism, what should the nurse teach the patient?

  • A. Never miss a daily dose of thyroid replacement therapy.
  • B. Avoid regular exercise until thyroid function is normalized.
  • C. Use warm saltwater gargles several times a day to relieve throat pain.
  • D. Substantially reduce caloric intake compared to what was eaten before surgery.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: After thyroidectomy, patients will need lifelong thyroid replacement therapy, so it is critical to ensure they understand the importance of not missing doses.

With respect to calcium metabolism / bone formation:

  • A. osteoclasts secrete alkaline phosphatase
  • B. osteoblasts are haemopoietic derivatives of monocyte lineage
  • C. 1,25(OH)2 ???D3 and PTH stimulate both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
  • D. oestrogens are thought to be protective of osteoporosis as their main effect is osteoblasts stimulation
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (C):
1,25(OH)2 D3 and PTH stimulate both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. 1,25(OH)2 D3 enhances calcium absorption in the gut, promotes bone resorption, and stimulates osteoclast activity. PTH increases calcium levels in the blood by enhancing calcium reabsorption in the kidney and stimulating osteoclast activity. Both hormones indirectly stimulate osteoblasts by increasing calcium availability for bone formation.

Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: Osteoclasts actually secrete acid, not alkaline phosphatase.
B: Osteoblasts are derived from mesenchymal stem cells, not monocytes.
D: Estrogens have a dual effect, inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts and stimulating bone formation by osteoblasts; their main effect is inhibiting osteoclast activity, not solely stimulating osteoblasts.

Which of the following is a function of parathyroid hormone?

  • A. It causes the excretion of calcium in the urine.
  • B. It stimulates osteoblastic activity to form bone.
  • C. It stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin.
  • D. It increases plasma levels of calcium.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: It increases plasma levels of calcium. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts to increase calcium levels in the blood by stimulating the release of calcium from bones, enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines, and reducing calcium excretion in the kidneys. This process helps maintain proper calcium levels in the blood. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because PTH does not cause the excretion of calcium in the urine (A), stimulate osteoblastic activity to form bone (B), or stimulate the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin (C).

Which of the following is not a function of the stomach?

  • A. To digest proteins
  • B. To digest carbohydrates
  • C. Temporary store of food
  • D. To neutralize alkali from the mouth
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To digest carbohydrates. The stomach primarily digests proteins through the action of pepsin and hydrochloric acid. Carbohydrates are primarily broken down in the mouth by salivary amylase, not in the stomach. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the stomach does play a role in digesting proteins, temporarily storing food, and neutralizing alkali from the mouth, respectively.

Twenty-eight-year-old Alicia has recently been diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism include:

  • A. Tachycardia, sweating, and tremors.
  • B. Fatigue, lethargy, and weight gain.
  • C. Muscle twitching, tetany, and galactorrhea.
  • D. Scotoma, alopecia, and hirsutism.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include increased heart rate (tachycardia), excessive sweating, and tremors due to the overactive thyroid gland.

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