Nokea
Hyoscine produces all of the following actions EXCEPT:
- A. Sedation
- B. Antiemetic action
- C. Stimulation of the respiratory center
- D. Increase of salivary secretion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hyoscine, also known as scopolamine, is an anticholinergic drug that acts by blocking muscarinic receptors. It produces sedation by crossing the blood-brain barrier and affecting the central nervous system. Its antiemetic action is due to its ability to inhibit the vomiting center in the brain. Stimulation of the respiratory center is not a typical action of hyoscine. Lastly, hyoscine decreases salivary secretion due to its anticholinergic effects. Therefore, the correct answer is D (Increase of salivary secretion) as it is inconsistent with the pharmacological actions of hyoscine.
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The posterior pituitary stores and releases:
- A. Growth hormone & Prolactin
- B. Prolactin & Oxytocin
- C. Oxytocin & ADH
- D. ADH & GH
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Oxytocin & ADH. The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is responsible for uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding. ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) regulates water balance by influencing the reabsorption of water by the kidneys. Growth hormone (GH) and Prolactin are released by the anterior pituitary, not the posterior pituitary. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the hormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary.
When teaching the patient with diabetes about insulin administration, the nurse should include which instruction for the patient?
- A. Pull back on the plunger after inserting the needle to check for blood.
- B. Consistently use the same size of insulin syringe to avoid dosing errors.
- C. Clean the skin at the injection site with an alcohol swab before each injection.
- D. Rotate injection sites from arms to thighs to abdomen with each injection to prevent lipodystrophies.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rotating injection sites is important to avoid lipodystrophies, which can impact insulin absorption.
This Hormone Is Responsible for the 'Fight-or-Flight' Response
- A. Thyroxine and melatonin
- B. Insulin and glucagon
- C. Epinephrine and norepinephrine
- D. Oestrogen and progesterone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones are responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response. When the body perceives a threat, these hormones are released by the adrenal glands, preparing the body for a rapid response to danger. Epinephrine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to muscles, while norepinephrine helps maintain alertness and focus.
Choice A (Thyroxine and melatonin) are hormones involved in regulating metabolism and sleep-wake cycles, not the 'fight-or-flight' response.
Choice B (Insulin and glucagon) are hormones that regulate blood sugar levels, not the 'fight-or-flight' response.
Choice D (Oestrogen and progesterone) are reproductive hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, not the 'fight-or-flight' response.
A child visiting his grandfather at his farm returns home having fever, skin flush, dry mouth, constipation, dilated pupils, and increased heart rate. Which of the following could be the offending agent:
- A. Eating seeds containing atropine
- B. Exposure to malathion insecticide
- C. Wrong intake of echothiophate drops
- D. Ingestion of physostigmine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Eating seeds containing atropine. Atropine is a plant alkaloid commonly found in certain seeds that can cause symptoms such as fever, skin flush, dry mouth, constipation, dilated pupils, and increased heart rate when ingested. Atropine is known to have anticholinergic effects, which align with the symptoms presented by the child. Malathion (B) is an insecticide that typically causes different symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Echothiophate drops (C) are cholinesterase inhibitors used in the treatment of glaucoma, which would not produce the described symptoms. Physostigmine (D) is a cholinesterase inhibitor that would not cause symptoms of anticholinergic toxicity seen in the child.
Testosterone is best described as:
- A. virilizing.
- B. lactogenic.
- C. adenohypophyseal.
- D. pancreatic.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Testosterone is best described as virilizing because it is the primary male sex hormone responsible for the development of male characteristics such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. It plays a key role in virilization. The other choices, lactogenic, adenohypophyseal, and pancreatic, are incorrect because testosterone is not primarily associated with lactation, the anterior pituitary gland, or the pancreas.