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How do hormones affect target tissues?
- A. Hormones affect target tissues through the digestive system.
- B. Hormones affect target tissues through the nervous system.
- C. Hormones secrete mucus that then travels to target tissues.
- D. Hormones travel directly to target tissues and bind to receptors.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because hormones are released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands and travel to specific target tissues, where they bind to receptors on the surface or within the cells. This binding triggers a series of cellular responses that regulate various physiological processes. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because hormones do not affect target tissues through the digestive system, nervous system, or by secreting mucus. Hormones act specifically by binding to receptors on target cells to initiate their effects.
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Identify the endocrine gland within the abdominal cavity, near the small intestine.
- A. Adrenal gland
- B. Hypothalamus
- C. Pancreas
- D. Thyroid gland
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pancreas. The pancreas is an endocrine gland located in the abdominal cavity near the small intestine. It secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels. The adrenal gland (A) is located on top of the kidneys, the hypothalamus (B) is in the brain, and the thyroid gland (D) is located in the neck. These glands are not near the small intestine, making them incorrect choices.
The growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland is known as _______.
- A. somatotropin
- B. prolactin
- C. luteinizing hormone
- D. follicle-stimulating hormone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: somatotropin. The growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland is known as somatotropin.
- "Somato" refers to the body, indicating its role in regulating body growth.
- "Tropin" refers to stimulation, emphasizing its function in promoting cell growth and regeneration.
- Prolactin (B) is responsible for milk production.
- Luteinizing hormone (C) and follicle-stimulating hormone (D) are involved in reproductive functions, not growth regulation.
Thyroxine:
- A. is TSH.
- B. is T4.
- C. exerts negative feedback control on the secretion of T3.
- D. lowers basal metabolic rate.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Thyroxine is also known as T4, a thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism. TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate thyroid hormone production, not thyroxine itself. Choice C is incorrect because thyroxine exerts negative feedback on TSH, not T3. Choice D is incorrect as thyroxine actually increases basal metabolic rate. Thus, the correct answer is B as thyroxine is indeed T4.
Growth hormone ________.
- A. is also called somatostatin
- B. is regulated by humoral mechanisms
- C. secretion results in a decrease in muscle mass
- D. promotes long bone growth during the formative years
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because growth hormone promotes long bone growth during the formative years by stimulating the growth plates in bones. This hormone plays a crucial role in skeletal growth and development. Choice A is incorrect because somatostatin is a different hormone that inhibits growth hormone release. Choice B is incorrect because growth hormone is primarily regulated by neural mechanisms. Choice C is incorrect because growth hormone actually promotes muscle growth and reduces fat mass.
Identify a characteristic of type I diabetes (IDDM).
- A. Development has a correlation with obesity.
- B. Most common form of diabetes.
- C. Body cells do not respond to insulin.
- D. Treatment usually involves insulin injections.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Sure! The correct answer is D because type I diabetes (IDDM) is characterized by the body's inability to produce insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels. Insulin injections are necessary to replace the missing insulin.
A is incorrect because type I diabetes is not associated with obesity. B is incorrect because type II diabetes is actually the most common form. C is incorrect because in type I diabetes, the body's cells do not produce insulin, rather than not responding to it.