Nokea
Anti-cholinesterase drugs include the following drugs EXCEPT:
- A. Physostigmine
- B. Carbachol
- C. Metrifonate
- D. Neostigmine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Carbachol. Anti-cholinesterase drugs inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, increasing levels of acetylcholine. Carbachol is a direct cholinergic agonist, not an anti-cholinesterase drug. Physostigmine, Metrifonate, and Neostigmine are all anti-cholinesterase drugs that work by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Physostigmine is used for glaucoma and atropine overdose, Metrifonate for parasitic infections, and Neostigmine for myasthenia gravis.
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The 'hormone response element' is located on the cell __________.
- A. membrane
- B. DNA
- C. RNA
- D. enzymes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: DNA. Hormone response elements are specific DNA sequences where hormone receptors bind to regulate gene expression. This binding initiates the transcription of target genes. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because hormone response elements are not located on the cell membrane, RNA, or enzymes. The key is understanding that hormone receptors act on DNA to regulate gene expression, making choice B the most appropriate answer.
Which nerve is NOT involved in the efferent (motor) swallow reflex?
- A. trigeminal
- B. vagus
- C. facial
- D. hypoglossal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: vagus. The efferent (motor) swallow reflex involves motor nerves that control swallowing muscles. The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) is primarily responsible for the afferent (sensory) component of the swallow reflex, while the efferent component is carried out by other cranial nerves such as the glossopharyngeal (IX), facial (VII), and hypoglossal (XII) nerves. Therefore, the vagus nerve is not directly involved in the efferent motor response during swallowing. Trigeminal (V), facial (VII), and hypoglossal (XII) nerves play essential roles in the motor aspects of swallowing, making them incorrect choices.
What Does Somatostatin Do?
- A. Inhibits release of insulin and glucagon
- B. Stimulates release of insulin and glucagon
- C. Stimulates glucagon release while inhibits insulin release
- D. Inhibits glucagon release while stimulates insulin release
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because somatostatin inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon. This hormone acts as a regulator of the endocrine system by suppressing the secretion of these hormones. By inhibiting the release of insulin, somatostatin helps to prevent hypoglycemia, while inhibiting glucagon release helps to maintain blood glucose levels. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the function of somatostatin in regulating the release of insulin and glucagon. B stimulates the release of both hormones, C stimulates glucagon while inhibits insulin, and D inhibits glucagon while stimulates insulin, which are all contradictory to the known actions of somatostatin.
The posterior pituitary stores and releases:
- A. Growth hormone & Prolactin
- B. Prolactin & Oxytocin
- C. Oxytocin & ADH
- D. ADH & GH
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Oxytocin & ADH. The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is responsible for uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding. ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) regulates water balance by influencing the reabsorption of water by the kidneys. Growth hormone (GH) and Prolactin are released by the anterior pituitary, not the posterior pituitary. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the hormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary.
What is a potential adverse effect of palpation of an enlarged thyroid gland?
- A. Carotid artery obstruction
- B. Damage to the cricoid cartilage
- C. Release of excessive thyroid hormone into circulation
- D. Hoarseness from pressure on the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Palpation of an enlarged thyroid gland may trigger the release of excessive thyroid hormone, especially if the thyroid is overactive, such as in Graves' disease.