Nokea
What Does Somatostatin Do?
- A. Inhibits release of insulin and glucagon
- B. Stimulates release of insulin and glucagon
- C. Stimulates glucagon release while inhibits insulin release
- D. Inhibits glucagon release while stimulates insulin release
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because somatostatin inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon. This hormone acts as a regulator of the endocrine system by suppressing the secretion of these hormones. By inhibiting the release of insulin, somatostatin helps to prevent hypoglycemia, while inhibiting glucagon release helps to maintain blood glucose levels. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the function of somatostatin in regulating the release of insulin and glucagon. B stimulates the release of both hormones, C stimulates glucagon while inhibits insulin, and D inhibits glucagon while stimulates insulin, which are all contradictory to the known actions of somatostatin.
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The adenohypophysis:
- A. secretes ADH and oxytocin.
- B. refers to the anterior pituitary gland.
- C. secretes releasing hormones.
- D. secretes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the adenohypophysis refers specifically to the anterior pituitary gland, which secretes various hormones like growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Choice A is incorrect because ADH and oxytocin are actually secreted by the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). Choice C is incorrect because releasing hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus, not the adenohypophysis. Choice D is incorrect because glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens are actually secreted by the adrenal cortex, not the anterior pituitary gland.
The 'hormone response element' is located on the cell __________.
- A. membrane
- B. DNA
- C. RNA
- D. enzymes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: DNA. Hormone response elements are specific DNA sequences where hormone receptors bind to regulate gene expression. This binding initiates the transcription of target genes. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because hormone response elements are not located on the cell membrane, RNA, or enzymes. The key is understanding that hormone receptors act on DNA to regulate gene expression, making choice B the most appropriate answer.
What is a potential adverse effect of palpation of an enlarged thyroid gland?
- A. Carotid artery obstruction
- B. Damage to the cricoid cartilage
- C. Release of excessive thyroid hormone into circulation
- D. Hoarseness from pressure on the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Palpation of an enlarged thyroid gland may trigger the release of excessive thyroid hormone, especially if the thyroid is overactive, such as in Graves' disease.
Which of the following best describes the function of insulin?
- A. Lowers blood glucose levels.
- B. Stimulates cells to make glucose (gluconeogenesis).
- C. Deficiency causes diabetes insipidus.
- D. Decreases blood volume.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lowers blood glucose levels. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells for energy storage. This process reduces the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because insulin does not stimulate cells to make glucose (B), deficiency does not cause diabetes insipidus (C), and it does not directly affect blood volume (D).
Which of the following is an alpha-blocker used in the treatment of hypertension:
- A. Tyramine
- B. Prazosin
- C. Ergometrine
- D. Ergotamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Understand the question is about an alpha-blocker for hypertension.
Step 2: Identify Prazosin as an alpha-blocker used for hypertension by blocking alpha-1 receptors.
Step 3: Explain how Prazosin works to dilate blood vessels and lower blood pressure.
Step 4: Summarize why other choices are incorrect:
- A: Tyramine is not an alpha-blocker, it is found in certain foods.
- C: Ergometrine is an ergot alkaloid used for uterine contractions, not hypertension.
- D: Ergotamine is also an ergot alkaloid used for migraines, not hypertension.