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When teaching the patient with diabetes about insulin administration, the nurse should include which instruction for the patient?
- A. Pull back on the plunger after inserting the needle to check for blood.
- B. Consistently use the same size of insulin syringe to avoid dosing errors.
- C. Clean the skin at the injection site with an alcohol swab before each injection.
- D. Rotate injection sites from arms to thighs to abdomen with each injection to prevent lipodystrophies.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rotating injection sites is important to avoid lipodystrophies, which can impact insulin absorption.
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Which hormone is produced by the pancreas and acts on the liver to increase blood glucose levels?
- A. glucagon; liver
- B. melatonin; liver
- C. glucagon; kidney
- D. calcitonin; thyroid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: glucagon is produced by the pancreas and acts on the liver to increase blood glucose levels. Glucagon triggers the liver to break down glycogen into glucose, releasing it into the bloodstream. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland and is not involved in glucose regulation. Glucagon does not act on the kidney but specifically targets the liver. Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and plays a role in calcium regulation, not glucose metabolism.
Identify a characteristic of type I diabetes (IDDM).
- A. Development has a correlation with obesity.
- B. Most common form of diabetes.
- C. Body cells do not respond to insulin.
- D. Treatment usually involves insulin injections.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Sure! The correct answer is D because type I diabetes (IDDM) is characterized by the body's inability to produce insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels. Insulin injections are necessary to replace the missing insulin.
A is incorrect because type I diabetes is not associated with obesity. B is incorrect because type II diabetes is actually the most common form. C is incorrect because in type I diabetes, the body's cells do not produce insulin, rather than not responding to it.
A patient presents with food poisoning that is attributed to botulism (Botulinum toxin poisoning). Which of the following is a correct characteristic, finding, or mechanism associated with this toxin?
- A. Complete failure of all cholinergic neurotransmission
- B. Favorable response to administration of pralidoxime
- C. Impairment of parasympathetic, but not sympathetic, nervous system activation
- D. Massive overstimulation of all structures having muscarinic cholinergic receptors
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Complete failure of all cholinergic neurotransmission. Botulinum toxin inhibits acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions, leading to complete failure of all cholinergic neurotransmission. This results in flaccid paralysis and characteristic symptoms of botulism. Choice B is incorrect because pralidoxime is used to treat organophosphate poisoning, not botulism. Choice C is incorrect as botulinum toxin affects both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Choice D is incorrect as botulinum toxin does not cause overstimulation but rather inhibits neurotransmission.
Quinidine is a drug used for arrhythmias. One of its properties is strong postsynaptic alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking activity. What side effect would you expect as a result of this property?
- A. Absence or at least decrease of lacrimal and mucus secretions
- B. Dilated pupils that don’t constrict in bright light
- C. Reduced blood pressure, hypotension
- D. Skeletal muscle tremors
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Reduced blood pressure, hypotension. Quinidine's strong postsynaptic alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking activity would result in decreased activation of these receptors, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood pressure, which can cause hypotension. Choice A is incorrect because lacrimal and mucus secretions are not directly affected by alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking. Choice B is incorrect as dilated pupils are more associated with alpha-1 adrenergic receptor blockade. Choice D is incorrect as skeletal muscle tremors are not a typical side effect of alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking.
Growth hormone ________.
- A. is also called somatostatin
- B. is regulated by humoral mechanisms
- C. secretion results in a decrease in muscle mass
- D. promotes long bone growth during the formative years
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because growth hormone promotes long bone growth during the formative years by stimulating the growth plates in bones. This hormone plays a crucial role in skeletal growth and development. Choice A is incorrect because somatostatin is a different hormone that inhibits growth hormone release. Choice B is incorrect because growth hormone is primarily regulated by neural mechanisms. Choice C is incorrect because growth hormone actually promotes muscle growth and reduces fat mass.