Nokea
When providing discharge instructions to a patient who had a subtotal thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism, what should the nurse teach the patient?
- A. Never miss a daily dose of thyroid replacement therapy.
- B. Avoid regular exercise until thyroid function is normalized.
- C. Use warm saltwater gargles several times a day to relieve throat pain.
- D. Substantially reduce caloric intake compared to what was eaten before surgery.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: After thyroidectomy, patients will need lifelong thyroid replacement therapy, so it is critical to ensure they understand the importance of not missing doses.
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Which hormone is produced by the pancreas and acts on the liver to increase blood glucose levels?
- A. glucagon; liver
- B. melatonin; liver
- C. glucagon; kidney
- D. calcitonin; thyroid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: glucagon is produced by the pancreas and acts on the liver to increase blood glucose levels. Glucagon triggers the liver to break down glycogen into glucose, releasing it into the bloodstream. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland and is not involved in glucose regulation. Glucagon does not act on the kidney but specifically targets the liver. Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and plays a role in calcium regulation, not glucose metabolism.
Drug X causes an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in heart rate when administered to a patient intravenously. If an antagonist at ganglionic nicotinic receptors is administered first, drug X causes an increase in blood pressure and an increase in heart rate. Drug X most likely is
- A. Propranolol
- B. Norepinephrine
- C. Isoproterenol
- D. Terbutaline
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Norepinephrine. When an antagonist at ganglionic nicotinic receptors is administered, it blocks the inhibitory effect on sympathetic tone. Since norepinephrine is a sympathetic neurotransmitter that increases blood pressure and heart rate, it is likely that Drug X is norepinephrine. Propranolol (A) is a beta-blocker that decreases heart rate, Isoproterenol (C) is a beta-agonist that increases heart rate, and Terbutaline (D) is a beta-agonist that also increases heart rate. These choices do not align with the observed effects of Drug X when the ganglionic nicotinic receptor antagonist is administered.
The superior suprarenal artery arises from:
- A. Abdominal aorta
- B. Inferior phrenic artery
- C. Renal artery
- D. Superior mesenteric artery
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Inferior phrenic artery. The superior suprarenal artery arises from the inferior phrenic artery, which supplies blood to the adrenal gland. The inferior phrenic artery originates from the abdominal aorta, near the celiac trunk. It is important to note that the adrenal glands receive blood supply from multiple sources, including the inferior phrenic artery. The other choices (A: Abdominal aorta, C: Renal artery, D: Superior mesenteric artery) do not directly supply blood to the adrenal glands, making them incorrect options.
Which of the following statements regarding pituitary hormones is false?
- A. The hypothalamus makes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, which are transported to the posterior pituitary for storage.
- B. Antidiuretic hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, causes urine volume to increase and blood volume to decrease.
- C. Luteinizing hormone, an anterior pituitary hormone, triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogens.
- D. Hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone leads to sterility in both males and females.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the posterior pituitary, and its main function is to increase water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to decreased urine volume and increased blood volume.
Step 2: If ADH causes urine volume to increase and blood volume to decrease, it would be counterproductive to its known physiological role.
Step 3: Therefore, Choice B is false as it contradicts the established function of ADH.
Summary:
- Choice A is true because oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are indeed produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary.
- Choice C is true as luteinizing hormone does trigger ovulation and stimulates the production of progesterone and some estrogens.
- Choice D is true because hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone can lead to infertility in both males and females.
Identify the hormones that are secreted by these glands: adrenal cortex, pancreas, and adenohypophysis.
- A. ADH, aldosterone, glucagon
- B. Epinephrine, insulin, ACTH
- C. Androgen, glucagon, ADH
- D. Cortisol, insulin, growth hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. The adrenal cortex secretes cortisol, the pancreas secretes insulin, and the adenohypophysis secretes growth hormone. Cortisol helps regulate metabolism, insulin controls blood sugar levels, and growth hormone stimulates growth. Choice A is incorrect because ADH is not secreted by the adrenal cortex, and aldosterone is not secreted by the pancreas or adenohypophysis. Choice B is incorrect because epinephrine is not secreted by the adrenal cortex, and ACTH is not secreted by the pancreas or adenohypophysis. Choice C is incorrect because androgen is not secreted by the pancreas or adenohypophysis, and ADH is not secreted by the adrenal cortex.