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A patient suffering form tuberculosis was treated with rifampicin, which caused drug resistance of tuberculosis mycobacteria. In order to reduce mycobacteria resistance, rifampicin should be combined with the following drug:
- A. Isoniazid
- B. Acyclovir
- C. Intraconazole
- D. Metronidazole
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Isoniazid. When rifampicin is used alone, there is a risk of developing resistance. Isoniazid is commonly used in combination with rifampicin to prevent resistance by targeting different mechanisms in the bacteria. Isoniazid works by inhibiting mycolic acid synthesis, while rifampicin targets RNA polymerase. This combination therapy is known as the first-line treatment for tuberculosis. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not have the same mechanism of action as isoniazid and would not be effective in preventing rifampicin resistance.
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Which form of human plague is present with high fever and large lymphadenopathies (buboes). The case fatality in untreated cases may reach 60%.
- A. Bubonic plague
- B. Pneumonic plague
- C. Gastrointestinal plague
- D. Septicemic plague
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bubonic plague. Bubonic plague is characterized by high fever and large swollen lymph nodes (buboes). The case fatality rate in untreated cases can reach 60%. This form of plague is typically transmitted through the bite of an infected flea.
B: Pneumonic plague presents with respiratory symptoms and is transmitted through respiratory droplets.
C: Gastrointestinal plague is not a recognized form of plague.
D: Septicemic plague is a severe form of plague where the bacteria multiply in the bloodstream. It may not always present with buboes.
The bacteria responsible for anthrax is:
- A. Bacillus anthracis
- B. Clostridium tetani
- C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- D. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bacillus anthracis. This bacterium is known to cause anthrax, a serious infectious disease in humans and animals. Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that produces toxins leading to the characteristic symptoms of anthrax. Clostridium tetani causes tetanus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia, none of which are related to anthrax. Therefore, based on the specific pathogen responsible for anthrax, Bacillus anthracis is the correct answer.
Which of the following bacteria is capable of forming spores to survive in extreme conditions?
- A. Staphylococcus aureus
- B. Clostridium botulinum
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Clostridium botulinum. This bacterium is capable of forming spores as a survival mechanism in harsh conditions. Spore formation allows it to remain dormant until conditions become favorable for growth again. Staphylococcus aureus (A), Escherichia coli (C), and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (D) do not form spores and rely on other mechanisms for survival. Staphylococcus aureus is a common skin bacterium, Escherichia coli is a gut bacterium, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a sexually transmitted bacterium.
In order to prevent wound infection associated with surgical procedures a patient was given a synthetic antiprotozoan drug with a high activity against Helicobacter pylori. Specify this drug:
- A. Metronidazole
- B. Doxycycline hydrochloride
- C. Chingamin
- D. Acyclovir
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Metronidazole. Metronidazole is a synthetic antiprotozoan drug with high activity against Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium that can cause wound infections. Metronidazole specifically targets anaerobic bacteria like H. pylori, making it effective in preventing wound infections.
Incorrect choices:
B: Doxycycline hydrochloride - Doxycycline is primarily used for bacterial infections, not protozoan infections like H. pylori.
C: Chingamin - Chingamin is not a commonly used drug for treating H. pylori infections or preventing wound infections.
D: Acyclovir - Acyclovir is an antiviral drug used to treat herpes infections, not bacterial or protozoan infections like H. pylori.
Which bacteria are known for causing food poisoning due to their production of enterotoxins?
- A. Clostridium botulinum
- B. Salmonella enterica
- C. Staphylococcus aureus
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Clostridium botulinum produces botulinum toxin causing botulism. Salmonella enterica can produce enterotoxins causing food poisoning. Staphylococcus aureus also produces enterotoxins leading to food poisoning. Therefore, all three options can cause food poisoning due to their production of enterotoxins.