Nokea
A patient who has severe pain associated with terminal pancreatic cancer is being cared for at home by family members. Which finding by the nurse indicates that teaching regarding pain management has been effective?
- A. The patient uses the ordered opioid pain medication whenever the pain is greater than 5 (0 to 10 scale).
- B. The patient agrees to take the medications by the IV route in order to improve analgesic effectiveness.
- C. The patient takes opioids around the clock on a regular schedule and uses additional doses when breakthrough pain occurs.
- D. The patient states that nonopioid analgesics may be used when the maximal dose of the opioid is reached without adequate pain relief.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Terminal pancreatic cancer pain's relentless around-the-clock opioids with breakthrough doses keep it tamed, per hospice norms. Waiting for 5/10 lags; IV isn't inherently better oral's fine. Nonopioids at max opioid miss the mark escalation's the play. Nurses in oncology teach this steady dosing plus rescues nails chronic cancer pain, a win if families get it.
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Endothelial dysfunction is one of the first steps in the development of atherosclerosis. Question: Which factor is NOT involved in endothelial dysfunction?
- A. Haemodynamic changes (e.g. hypertension)
- B. Inflammation
- C. Lipids
- D. Proteinuria
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Endothelial flops pressure, inflammation, lipids kick it, proteinuria's kidney, not vessel start. Nurses spot this, a chronic dysfunction trio.
Chemotherapeutic treatment of acute leukemia is done in four phases. Place these phases in the correct order.
- A. Maintenance
- B. Induction
- C. Intensification
- D. Consolidation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Acute leukemia's chemotherapy unfolds systematically: induction kicks off, aggressively killing leukemia cells to induce remission, a high-dose blitz. Intensification follows, targeting residual cells over months, relentless in early remission. Consolidation reinforces, eliminating lingering blasts post-remission, solidifying gains. Maintenance, with lower doses, sustains remission long-term, preventing relapse. This order induction, intensification, consolidation, maintenance mirrors the disease's need for initial eradication then sustained control, a structured approach nurses reinforce through patient education and monitoring, ensuring each phase's purpose aligns with leukemia's aggressive biology and treatment goals.
What is an independent risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
- A. Age
- B. Waist circumference
- C. Smoking
- D. All three options above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Type 2 diabetes brews from age cells tire; waist fat resists insulin; smoking inflammation tweaks glucose. All hit independently, stacking odds, a chronic trio nurses flag in every patient check, not just one picking off the list.
Tetanus:
- A. is caused by clostridium tetani endotoxin
- B. is associated with a better prognosis if the incubation period is short
- C. can be manifest by rigidity of muscles in close proximity to the area of the initial injury
- D. usually presents with weakness in the extremities which then progresses to the facial muscles
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tetanus exotoxin, not endo, long incubation's better, local rigidity fits, not weakness march, autonomic storms. Nurses lock this chronic spasm tale.
Which of the following is not complication associated with NAFLD?
- A. Ischemic heart disease
- B. Cerebrovascular accident
- C. Colon cancer
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: NAFLD heart, stroke, colon, liver cancer all link; no outlier. Nurses track this chronic risk chain.