Nokea
A patient with chronic kidney disease has hyperphosphatemia. What is a commonly associated electrolyte imbalance?
- A. Hypokalemia
- B. Hyponatremia
- C. Hypocalcemia
- D. Hypomagnesemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hyperphosphatemia binds calcium, lowering its availability and causing hypocalcemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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What is the medical term for an abnormal increase in white blood cells?
- A. Leukocytosis
- B. Thrombocytosis
- C. Anemia
- D. Hemolysis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Leukocytosis. Leukocytosis refers to an abnormal increase in white blood cells, indicating an immune response. Thrombocytosis (B) is an increase in platelets, not white blood cells. Anemia (C) is a decrease in red blood cells. Hemolysis (D) is the breakdown of red blood cells, not related to an increase in white blood cells. Therefore, A is the correct answer as it specifically relates to an abnormal increase in white blood cells.
Physical traits expressed by an individual is the definition for which term?
- A. Allele
- B. Genomics
- C. Phenotype
- D. Chromosomes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Phenotype refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences.
The physician is having difficulty finding the appropriate dose for the patient taking warfarin (Coumadin). What can the nurse suggest that may solve this problem?
- A. Pharmacogenetic testing
- B. Start bivalirudin (Angiomax) IV
- C. Change from warfarin (Coumadin) to clopidogrel (Plavix) and aspirin
- D. Change from warfarin (Coumadin) to enoxoparin (Lovenox) injections
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pharmacogenetic testing evaluates genetic variations affecting drug metabolism, helping optimize dosing for medications like warfarin.
What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
- A. It includes macrophages
- B. It is nonspecific and immediate
- C. It involves T and B lymphocytes
- D. It is based on physical barriers
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because adaptive immunity involves T and B lymphocytes that provide specific immune responses tailored to particular pathogens. T and B lymphocytes are key players in adaptive immunity, recognizing and targeting specific antigens. Choice A is incorrect because macrophages are part of innate immunity. Choice B is incorrect because innate immunity is nonspecific and immediate, while adaptive immunity is specific and takes time to develop. Choice D is incorrect because physical barriers are a characteristic of innate immunity, not adaptive immunity.
A protein-protein interaction domain present both in TLR-4 and MyD88 is:
- A. CARD
- B. TIR
- C. Leucine rich repeat (LRR)
- D. Immunoglobulin-like domain
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: TIR. This is because both TLR-4 and MyD88 contain a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain, which mediates protein-protein interactions in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. The other options, such as A (CARD), C (LRR), and D (Immunoglobulin-like domain), are not present in both TLR-4 and MyD88 and do not play a significant role in their interaction in the signaling pathway. This makes B the most appropriate choice as it accurately identifies the common protein-protein interaction domain between TLR-4 and MyD88.