Nokea
A patient with chronic osteomyelitis has been hospitalized for a surgical debridement procedure. What does the nurse explain to the patient as the rationale for the surgical treatment?
- A. Removal of the infection prevents the need for bone and skin grafting.
- B. Formation of scar tissue has led to a protected area of bacterial growth.
- C. The process of depositing new bone blocks the vascular supply to the bone.
- D. Antibiotics are not effective against microorganisms that cause chronic osteomyelitis.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Surgical debridement removes infected tissue unreachable by antibiotics.
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What is the term for a reflex that does not include a CNS component?
- A. long reflex
- B. visceral reflex
- C. somatic reflex
- D. short reflex
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: short reflex. Short reflexes are reflex actions that do not involve the central nervous system (CNS) and occur entirely at the level of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These reflexes are mediated by local circuits within the enteric nervous system in the gastrointestinal tract, allowing for rapid responses to stimuli without needing to involve the brain or spinal cord.
A: long reflex - This term refers to reflexes that involve the CNS and typically have a more complex pathway than short reflexes.
B: visceral reflex - This term describes reflexes involving internal organs and can involve both the CNS and PNS components.
C: somatic reflex - This term refers to reflexes involving skeletal muscles and is generally mediated by the CNS.
What is the primary medicinal treatment for Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)?
- A. oral anticholinesterase drugs
- B. retrodopa
- C. high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin
- D. high-dose intravenous vitamin C
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is the primary treatment for Guillain-Barré syndrome. It helps modulate the immune response and reduce the severity of symptoms by neutralizing harmful antibodies.
A client is admitted with a head injury. To monitor hypothalamic function, the nurse should monitor what parameters?
- A. Temp and urinary output
- B. Gastric aspirate and BP
- C. Heart rate and pupillary responses
- D. Respiratory rate and skin integrity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The hypothalamus regulates body temperature and fluid balance, making temperature and urinary output key parameters to monitor in head injury patients. Hypothalamic dysfunction can lead to disorders like diabetes insipidus or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), affecting fluid balance and temperature regulation.
The following conditions can affect the pupil size:
- A. iris colour
- B. fatigue
- C. exercise
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pupil size is influenced by factors such as iris color (darker irises may have smaller pupils), fatigue (pupils constrict with tiredness), and exercise (pupils dilate during physical activity). These changes are mediated by the autonomic nervous system.
Early symptoms of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) include changes in mood, temperament and behaviour followed by impairments in memory and concentration, and confused thinking. The infectious agent in vCJD is thought to be which of the following?
- A. MRSA.
- B. Prion.
- C. Ion.
- D. Hemaglobin.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Prions are abnormal, infectious proteins that cause neurodegenerative diseases like variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD). These proteins induce the misfolding of normal cellular proteins in the brain, leading to brain damage and the characteristic symptoms of vCJD, such as mood changes, memory loss, and cognitive decline. Prion diseases are incurable and ultimately fatal, making early detection and prevention critical.