Nokea
The nurse recognizes what as the major problem in the management of RA in the older adult?
- A. RA is usually more severe in older adults.
- B. Older patients are not as likely to comply with treatment regimens.
- C. Drug interactions and toxicity are more likely to occur with multidrug therapy.
- D. Laboratory and other diagnostic tests are not effective in identifying RA in older adults.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Polypharmacy increases risks in older adults.
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The patient has a burning, sharp pain on the sole of the foot, especially in the morning. The nurse knows that this describes what common musculoskeletal problem?
- A. Pes planus
- B. Tenosynovitis
- C. Plantar fasciitis
- D. Muscle atrophy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Plantar fasciitis causes foot pain, especially in the morning.
Structures involved in colour vision include:
- A. parvocellular pathway
- B. superficial layer 4C of visual cortex
- C. superior colliculi
- D. geniculate layers 1-2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The parvocellular pathway is primarily responsible for colour vision and high spatial resolution. The superior colliculi and geniculate layers 1-2 are not directly involved in colour processing.
What is the relationship between dorso-ventral patterning of the neural tube and patterning of the somites?
- A. The somites pattern the neural tube after they form.
- B. The neural tube plays the role of organizer in being the sole influence on patterning in the somites
- C. Sonic hedgehog from the notochord and floorplate of the neural tube confers ventral fates on both the neural tube and the somite, while BMPs confer more dorsal fates.
- D. Both the neural tube and the somites acquire their dorso-ventral patterning during gastrulation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Dorso-ventral patterning of the neural tube and somites is regulated by opposing gradients of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) from the notochord and floorplate (ventralizing signals) and BMPs from the dorsal neural tube (dorsalizing signals). These signals coordinate the development of both structures, ensuring proper alignment and function of the nervous system and musculoskeletal system.
Hemiplegia, hemianesthesia & hemianopia develop together with disease in the:
- A. spinal cord
- B. internal capsule
- C. thalamus
- D. brainstem
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Internal capsule is the correct answer because it contains ascending and descending nerve fibers that transmit motor and sensory information between the brain and the spinal cord. Damage to the internal capsule can result in hemiplegia (paralysis on one side), hemianesthesia (sensory loss on one side), and hemianopia (visual field loss on one side) due to the dense concentration of these fibers in this region.
Early symptoms of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) include changes in mood, temperament and behaviour followed by impairments in memory and concentration, and confused thinking. The infectious agent in vCJD is thought to be which of the following?
- A. MRSA.
- B. Prion.
- C. Ion.
- D. Hemaglobin.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Prions are abnormal, infectious proteins that cause neurodegenerative diseases like variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD). These proteins induce the misfolding of normal cellular proteins in the brain, leading to brain damage and the characteristic symptoms of vCJD, such as mood changes, memory loss, and cognitive decline. Prion diseases are incurable and ultimately fatal, making early detection and prevention critical.