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A patient with PD is taking carbidopa/levodopa 25/100 mg three times a day, and reports that he tends to slow down 2 hours before his next carbidopa/levodopa dose. This patient is most likely experiencing:
- A. Delayed onset response
- B. Dyskinesia
- C. Freezing
- D. Wearing off
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Wearing off refers to the recurrence of PD symptoms before the next dose of medication, indicating the need for dose adjustment or adjunct therapy.
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A 72-year-old man tells the nurse that he cannot perform most of the physical activities he could do 5 years ago because of overall joint aches and pains. What can the nurse do to assist the patient to prevent further deconditioning and decrease the risk for developing musculoskeletal problems?
- A. Limit weight-bearing exercise to prevent stress on fragile bones and possible hip fractures
- B. Advise the patient to avoid the use of canes and walkers because they increase dependence on ambulation aids
- C. Advise the patient to increase his activity by more frequently climbing stairs in buildings and other environments with steps
- D. Discuss use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications to decrease inflammation and pain so that exercise can be maintained
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: OTC medications can help reduce pain and inflammation, allowing the patient to maintain an active lifestyle.
Which of the following instructions should be given to the client's family if a client with impaired swallowing has to take solid medication?
- A. Mix the medication with food
- B. Use the liquid form of the medication
- C. Check with the physician or pharmacist before crushing or breaking tablets
- D. or opening capsules
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Not all medications can be safely altered, so consulting healthcare providers is essential.
The midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata are housed in the:
- A. diencephalon
- B. hypothalamus
- C. brain stem
- D. pineal gland
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are parts of the brain stem, which controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate. The diencephalon, hypothalamus, pineal gland, and cerebellum are separate structures. Therefore, C is the correct answer.
Impairments in language and communication may manifest in a variety of ways, including deficits in the production of speech (e.g. fluent aphasia), an inability to comprehend or understand speech, and an inability to initiate speech (e.g. nonfluent aphasia). A treatment used with aphasic patients required to communicate without gesturing or pointing is known as:
- A. Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT).
- B. Straight jacket therapy (SJT).
- C. Minimal movement therpay (MMT).
- D. Verbal communication initiation therapy (VCIT).
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) is a rehabilitation technique used to improve verbal communication in individuals with aphasia. This approach involves restricting the use of compensatory strategies, such as gesturing or pointing, and encouraging the use of verbal responses. By focusing on intensive verbal practice, CIMT helps individuals regain their ability to communicate effectively and reduces reliance on non-verbal methods.
The resting membrane potential of a cell
- A. is dependent on the permeability of the cell membrane to K+ being greater than the permeability to Na+
- B. falls to zero immediately when Na+, K+ ATPase in the membrane is inhibited
- C. is usually equal to the equilibrium potential for K+
- D. is usually equal to the equilibrium potential for Na+
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The resting membrane potential is primarily determined by the permeability of the cell membrane to potassium ions (K+), which is greater than its permeability to sodium ions (Na+). This is because the membrane has more leak channels for K+ than for Na+, allowing K+ to diffuse out of the cell, creating a negative intracellular environment. The Na+, K+ ATPase pump maintains this gradient but does not directly set the resting potential. Inhibition of the pump would eventually disrupt the gradient, but the potential does not immediately fall to zero.