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A school nurse uses Havighurst's principles and theories of growth and development when planning programs for high school students. With this information, the nurse can assist students to correlate their behavior and decisions to which age-appropriate developmental task?
- A. Finding a congenial social group
- B. Developing a conscience, morality, and a scale of values
- C. Achieving personal independence
- D. Achieving a masculine or feminine gender role
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: According to Havighurst, the role of the adolescent is to achieve a masculine or feminine gender role. Developing a conscience, morality, and a scale of values and achieving personal independence are roles of middle childhood. Finding a congenial social group is a role of young adulthood.
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When caring for older adults in a long-term care facility, a nurse encourages an older adult to talk about past life events. One patient tells the nurse they were an angry person, lost many jobs, and ended up alone. According to Erikson, this patient is in what developmental stage?
- A. Despair
- B. Stagnation
- C. Inferiority
- D. Industry
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Reminiscence during the older years of a person's life provides a sense of fulfillment and purpose (ego integrity). The patient's description of anger, job loss, and loneliness suggests they are experiencing despair, which occurs when a person believes their life has been a series of failures or missed directions.
Nursing students attending a class on genomics are discussing its use in current nursing practice. Which statements by the students identify genetic principles that will challenge nurses to integrate genomics in their research, education, and practice? Select all that apply.
- A. Genetic tests plus family history tools have the potential to identify people at risk for diseases.
- B. Pharmacogenetic tests can determine if a patient is likely to positive therapeutic response to a drug or develop adverse reactions from the medication.
- C. Evidence-based review panels are in place to evaluate the possible risks and benefits related to genetic testing.
- D. Valid and reliable national data bases exist to establish baseline measures and track progress toward targets.
- E. Genetic variation can either accelerate or slow the metabolism of many drugs.
- F. It is beyond a nurse's scope of practice to discuss the impact of genetic findings and impact on health and illness.
Correct Answer: A,B,E
Rationale: Health care providers are challenged to integrate genomics into their research, education, and practice. Genetic tests plus family history tools have the potential to identify people at risk for diseases. Pharmacogenetics studies how genetic variation affects a person's response to drugs, helping to determine if a patient is likely to have a strong therapeutic response or develop adverse effects to a drug. Genetic variation can either accelerate or slow the metabolism of many drugs. Evidence-based review panels and national databases are emerging challenges, but they are not principles of genomics. It is within a nurse's scope to discuss genetic findings and their impact on health.
While assessing a patient in the medical clinic, the patient tells the nurse: 'I'm currently a sales associate, but I'm considering a career move, which makes me somewhat anxious.' According to Levinson, what phase of adult life is this patient experiencing?
- A. Entering the adult world
- B. Settling down
- C. Midlife transition
- D. Entering middle-adulthood
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Midlife transition (ages 40 to 45 years) involves a reappraisal of goals and values, which may lead to career changes and associated anxiety. Entering the adult world (ages 22 to 28) involves trying different careers and lifestyles. Settling down (ages 33 to 40) focuses on investing energy in personally important areas. Entering middle adulthood (ages 45 to 50) involves committing to new tasks after forming a new life structure.
A parent shares with the nurse in the pediatric clinic that their 12-month-old cries when they leave the room or hide a favorite stuffed animal. The nurse explains that object permanence typically occurs in which group?
- A. 0 to 6 months
- B. 12 to 18 months
- C. 24 to 36 months
- D. 36 months to 4 years
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight, typically develops between 12 to 18 months according to Piaget's sensorimotor stage. A 12-month-old crying when a parent leaves or a toy is hidden indicates they are beginning to develop this concept.
When teaching parents about achievements in children, the nurse explains that, according to Piaget, children in which age group are able to grasp abstract ideas?
- A. Toddler
- B. Adolescence
- C. Preschool age
- D. School age
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage (adolescence, typically starting around age 11) develop the ability to grasp abstract ideas and think logically about hypothetical situations. Toddlers, preschoolers, and school-age children are in earlier stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operational, respectively) and do not yet have this capacity.