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A nurse is teaching parents of preschoolers the types of behavior to expect from their children based on developmental theories. Which statements describe this stage of development? Select all that apply.
- A. According to Freud, the child is in the phallic stage.
- B. According to Erikson, the child is in the trust versus mistrust stage.
- C. According to Havighurst, the child is learning to get along with others.
- D. According to Fowler, the child imitates religious behavior of others.
- E. According to Kohlberg, the child defines satisfying acts as right.
- F. According to Havighurst, the child is achieving gender-specific roles.
Correct Answer: A,D,E
Rationale: According to Freud, the child is in the phallic stage. According to Fowler, the child imitates religious behavior of others. According to Kohlberg, the child defines satisfying acts as right. According to Erikson, the child is in the initiative versus guilt stage, not trust versus mistrust. According to Havighurst, the child is learning sex differences, forming concepts, and getting ready to read. Achieving gender-specific social roles is associated with adolescence, not preschoolers.
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When teaching parents about achievements in children, the nurse explains that, according to Piaget, children in which age group are able to grasp abstract ideas?
- A. Toddler
- B. Adolescence
- C. Preschool age
- D. School age
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage (adolescence, typically starting around age 11) develop the ability to grasp abstract ideas and think logically about hypothetical situations. Toddlers, preschoolers, and school-age children are in earlier stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operational, respectively) and do not yet have this capacity.
A parent shares with the nurse in the pediatric clinic that their 12-month-old cries when they leave the room or hide a favorite stuffed animal. The nurse explains that object permanence typically occurs in which group?
- A. 0 to 6 months
- B. 12 to 18 months
- C. 24 to 36 months
- D. 36 months to 4 years
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight, typically develops between 12 to 18 months according to Piaget's sensorimotor stage. A 12-month-old crying when a parent leaves or a toy is hidden indicates they are beginning to develop this concept.
While assessing a patient in the medical clinic, the patient tells the nurse: 'I'm currently a sales associate, but I'm considering a career move, which makes me somewhat anxious.' According to Levinson, what phase of adult life is this patient experiencing?
- A. Entering the adult world
- B. Settling down
- C. Midlife transition
- D. Entering middle-adulthood
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Midlife transition (ages 40 to 45 years) involves a reappraisal of goals and values, which may lead to career changes and associated anxiety. Entering the adult world (ages 22 to 28) involves trying different careers and lifestyles. Settling down (ages 33 to 40) focuses on investing energy in personally important areas. Entering middle adulthood (ages 45 to 50) involves committing to new tasks after forming a new life structure.
A 2-year-old grabs a handful of cake from the table and stuffs it in their mouth. According to Freud, what part of the mind is the child satisfying?
- A. Id
- B. Superego
- C. Ego
- D. Unconscious mind
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Freud defined the id as the part of the mind concerned with self-gratification by the easiest and quickest available means.
A nurse caring for newborns understands that babies grow and develop according to individual growth patterns and developmental levels. Which terms describe these patterns? Select all that apply.
- A. Orderly
- B. Simple
- C. Sequential
- D. Unpredictable
- E. Differentiated
- F. Integrated
Correct Answer: A,C,E,F
Rationale: Growth and development are orderly and sequential as well as continuous and complex. Growth and development follow regular and predictable trends and are both differentiated and integrated.