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Nursing students attending a class on genomics are discussing its use in current nursing practice. Which statements by the students identify genetic principles that will challenge nurses to integrate genomics in their research, education, and practice? Select all that apply.
- A. Genetic tests plus family history tools have the potential to identify people at risk for diseases.
- B. Pharmacogenetic tests can determine if a patient is likely to positive therapeutic response to a drug or develop adverse reactions from the medication.
- C. Evidence-based review panels are in place to evaluate the possible risks and benefits related to genetic testing.
- D. Valid and reliable national data bases exist to establish baseline measures and track progress toward targets.
- E. Genetic variation can either accelerate or slow the metabolism of many drugs.
- F. It is beyond a nurse's scope of practice to discuss the impact of genetic findings and impact on health and illness.
Correct Answer: A,B,E
Rationale: Health care providers are challenged to integrate genomics into their research, education, and practice. Genetic tests plus family history tools have the potential to identify people at risk for diseases. Pharmacogenetics studies how genetic variation affects a person's response to drugs, helping to determine if a patient is likely to have a strong therapeutic response or develop adverse effects to a drug. Genetic variation can either accelerate or slow the metabolism of many drugs. Evidence-based review panels and national databases are emerging challenges, but they are not principles of genomics. It is within a nurse's scope to discuss genetic findings and their impact on health.
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A nurse who is working with women in a drop-in shelter studies Carol Gilligan's theory of morality in women to use when planning care. According to Gilligan, what is the motivation for female morality?
- A. Law and justice
- B. Obligations and rights
- C. Response and care
- D. Order and selfishness
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In Gilligan's theory, women typically see moral requirements emerging from the needs of others within the context of a relationship. This moral orientation of women is called the ethic of care, which develops through three levels: Preconventional (Selfishness), Conventional (Goodness), and Postconventional (Nonviolence).
A school nurse uses Kohlberg's theory of moral development as a basis for a roundtable discussion with parents on bullying. According to Kohlberg, what factor initially influences the moral development of propuestas?
- A. Parent/caregiver-child communications
- B. Societal rules and regulations
- C. Social and religious rules
- D. A person's beliefs and values
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The beginnings of moral development result from parent/caregiver-child communications during early childhood, as the young child tries to please parents and caregivers. Kohlberg's stages of moral development begin in childhood but may continue developing into adolescence and adulthood.
A nurse caring for newborns understands that babies grow and develop according to individual growth patterns and developmental levels. Which terms describe these patterns? Select all that apply.
- A. Orderly
- B. Simple
- C. Sequential
- D. Unpredictable
- E. Differentiated
- F. Integrated
Correct Answer: A,C,E,F
Rationale: Growth and development are orderly and sequential as well as continuous and complex. Growth and development follow regular and predictable trends and are both differentiated and integrated.
A nurse is teaching parents of preschoolers the types of behavior to expect from their children based on developmental theories. Which statements describe this stage of development? Select all that apply.
- A. According to Freud, the child is in the phallic stage.
- B. According to Erikson, the child is in the trust versus mistrust stage.
- C. According to Havighurst, the child is learning to get along with others.
- D. According to Fowler, the child imitates religious behavior of others.
- E. According to Kohlberg, the child defines satisfying acts as right.
- F. According to Havighurst, the child is achieving gender-specific roles.
Correct Answer: A,D,E
Rationale: According to Freud, the child is in the phallic stage. According to Fowler, the child imitates religious behavior of others. According to Kohlberg, the child defines satisfying acts as right. According to Erikson, the child is in the initiative versus guilt stage, not trust versus mistrust. According to Havighurst, the child is learning sex differences, forming concepts, and getting ready to read. Achieving gender-specific social roles is associated with adolescence, not preschoolers.
When teaching parents about achievements in children, the nurse explains that, according to Piaget, children in which age group are able to grasp abstract ideas?
- A. Toddler
- B. Adolescence
- C. Preschool age
- D. School age
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage (adolescence, typically starting around age 11) develop the ability to grasp abstract ideas and think logically about hypothetical situations. Toddlers, preschoolers, and school-age children are in earlier stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operational, respectively) and do not yet have this capacity.