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While assessing a patient in the medical clinic, the patient tells the nurse: 'I'm currently a sales associate, but I'm considering a career move, which makes me somewhat anxious.' According to Levinson, what phase of adult life is this patient experiencing?
- A. Entering the adult world
- B. Settling down
- C. Midlife transition
- D. Entering middle-adulthood
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Midlife transition (ages 40 to 45 years) involves a reappraisal of goals and values, which may lead to career changes and associated anxiety. Entering the adult world (ages 22 to 28) involves trying different careers and lifestyles. Settling down (ages 33 to 40) focuses on investing energy in personally important areas. Entering middle adulthood (ages 45 to 50) involves committing to new tasks after forming a new life structure.
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A school nurse uses Kohlberg's theory of moral development as a basis for a roundtable discussion with parents on bullying. According to Kohlberg, what factor initially influences the moral development of propuestas?
- A. Parent/caregiver-child communications
- B. Societal rules and regulations
- C. Social and religious rules
- D. A person's beliefs and values
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The beginnings of moral development result from parent/caregiver-child communications during early childhood, as the young child tries to please parents and caregivers. Kohlberg's stages of moral development begin in childhood but may continue developing into adolescence and adulthood.
A nurse working in a hospice setting uses reminiscence to help patients determine whether their life had meaning or if they wish to make amends. What stage of Erickson's development is the nurse applying with this approach?
- A. Industry versus inferiority
- B. Initiative versus guilt
- C. Generativity versus stagnation
- D. Ego integrity versus despair
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Reminiscence for the older adult provides a sense of fulfillment and purpose (ego integrity), helping to alleviate the fear of dying. Despair may occur if a person believes their life has been a series of failures. Industry versus inferiority and initiative versus guilt are stages for school-age children and preschoolers, respectively, while generativity versus stagnation applies to middle adulthood.
When teaching parents about achievements in children, the nurse explains that, according to Piaget, children in which age group are able to grasp abstract ideas?
- A. Toddler
- B. Adolescence
- C. Preschool age
- D. School age
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage (adolescence, typically starting around age 11) develop the ability to grasp abstract ideas and think logically about hypothetical situations. Toddlers, preschoolers, and school-age children are in earlier stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operational, respectively) and do not yet have this capacity.
A nurse who is working with women in a drop-in shelter studies Carol Gilligan's theory of morality in women to use when planning care. According to Gilligan, what is the motivation for female morality?
- A. Law and justice
- B. Obligations and rights
- C. Response and care
- D. Order and selfishness
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In Gilligan's theory, women typically see moral requirements emerging from the needs of others within the context of a relationship. This moral orientation of women is called the ethic of care, which develops through three levels: Preconventional (Selfishness), Conventional (Goodness), and Postconventional (Nonviolence).
A 2-year-old grabs a handful of cake from the table and stuffs it in their mouth. According to Freud, what part of the mind is the child satisfying?
- A. Id
- B. Superego
- C. Ego
- D. Unconscious mind
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Freud defined the id as the part of the mind concerned with self-gratification by the easiest and quickest available means.