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A school nurse uses Kohlberg's theory of moral development as a basis for a roundtable discussion with parents on bullying. According to Kohlberg, what factor initially influences the moral development of propuestas?
- A. Parent/caregiver-child communications
- B. Societal rules and regulations
- C. Social and religious rules
- D. A person's beliefs and values
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The beginnings of moral development result from parent/caregiver-child communications during early childhood, as the young child tries to please parents and caregivers. Kohlberg's stages of moral development begin in childhood but may continue developing into adolescence and adulthood.
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A nurse is teaching parents of preschoolers the types of behavior to expect from their children based on developmental theories. Which statements describe this stage of development? Select all that apply.
- A. According to Freud, the child is in the phallic stage.
- B. According to Erikson, the child is in the trust versus mistrust stage.
- C. According to Havighurst, the child is learning to get along with others.
- D. According to Fowler, the child imitates religious behavior of others.
- E. According to Kohlberg, the child defines satisfying acts as right.
- F. According to Havighurst, the child is achieving gender-specific roles.
Correct Answer: A,D,E
Rationale: According to Freud, the child is in the phallic stage. According to Fowler, the child imitates religious behavior of others. According to Kohlberg, the child defines satisfying acts as right. According to Erikson, the child is in the initiative versus guilt stage, not trust versus mistrust. According to Havighurst, the child is learning sex differences, forming concepts, and getting ready to read. Achieving gender-specific social roles is associated with adolescence, not preschoolers.
A nurse assessing a toddler in a pediatric office tells the parents that the child is in the 90th percentile for height and weight and has blue eyes. The nurse explains these physical characteristics are primarily determined by which of the following?
- A. Socialization with caregivers
- B. Maternal nutrition during pregnancy
- C. Genetic information on chromosomes
- D. Meeting developmental tasks
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Physical appearance and growth have a predetermined genetic base in inheritance patterns carried on the chromosomes.
When teaching parents about achievements in children, the nurse explains that, according to Piaget, children in which age group are able to grasp abstract ideas?
- A. Toddler
- B. Adolescence
- C. Preschool age
- D. School age
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage (adolescence, typically starting around age 11) develop the ability to grasp abstract ideas and think logically about hypothetical situations. Toddlers, preschoolers, and school-age children are in earlier stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operational, respectively) and do not yet have this capacity.
While assessing a patient in the medical clinic, the patient tells the nurse: 'I'm currently a sales associate, but I'm considering a career move, which makes me somewhat anxious.' According to Levinson, what phase of adult life is this patient experiencing?
- A. Entering the adult world
- B. Settling down
- C. Midlife transition
- D. Entering middle-adulthood
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Midlife transition (ages 40 to 45 years) involves a reappraisal of goals and values, which may lead to career changes and associated anxiety. Entering the adult world (ages 22 to 28) involves trying different careers and lifestyles. Settling down (ages 33 to 40) focuses on investing energy in personally important areas. Entering middle adulthood (ages 45 to 50) involves committing to new tasks after forming a new life structure.
A nurse caring for newborns understands that babies grow and develop according to individual growth patterns and developmental levels. Which terms describe these patterns? Select all that apply.
- A. Orderly
- B. Simple
- C. Sequential
- D. Unpredictable
- E. Differentiated
- F. Integrated
Correct Answer: A,C,E,F
Rationale: Growth and development are orderly and sequential as well as continuous and complex. Growth and development follow regular and predictable trends and are both differentiated and integrated.