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A student asked the pharmacology instructor to describe the function of a cholinergic agonist. What would be the instructor's reply?
- A. Cholinergic agonist decreases the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor sites throughout the body.
- B. Cholinergic agonist decreases the activity of norepinephrine throughout the body.
- C. Cholinergic agonist increases the activity of dopamine receptor sites throughout the brain and spinal cord.
- D. Cholinergic agonist increases the activity of acetylcholine receptor sites throughout the body.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Cholinergic agonist increases the activity of acetylcholine receptor sites throughout the body. A cholinergic agonist is a drug that mimics the action of acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter that binds to and activates cholinergic receptors. By increasing the activity of acetylcholine receptor sites, a cholinergic agonist enhances cholinergic neurotransmission, leading to various physiological responses.
Incorrect choices:
A: Cholinergic agonists do not affect gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor sites.
B: Cholinergic agonists do not affect norepinephrine activity.
C: Cholinergic agonists do not affect dopamine receptor sites.
In summary, the correct answer is D because cholinergic agonists specifically target and enhance the activity of acetylcholine receptor sites, leading to increased cholinergic neurotransmission.
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The nurse is helping develop a plan of care for a patient that has advanced Alzheimer's disease. The patient will be taking a new medication. Which is a realistic goal for this patient?
- A. Exhibit ability to provide self-care.
- B. Show improved memory for recent events.
- C. Receive appropriate assistance for care needs.
- D. Demonstrate improved cognitive function.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Receive appropriate assistance for care needs. For a patient with advanced Alzheimer's disease, improving memory or cognitive function is unrealistic due to the progressive nature of the disease. Providing self-care may also be beyond their ability. Setting a goal for the patient to receive appropriate assistance for care needs is realistic and important for maintaining their quality of life and safety. This goal focuses on ensuring the patient's basic needs are met and promoting their overall well-being despite their cognitive decline. It prioritizes practical support and enhances the patient's quality of life.
You are caring for a patient who takes an antiarrhythmic agent. What would be the priority nursing assessment before administering this drug?
- A. Assess pulses and blood pressure.
- B. Assess breath sounds.
- C. Assess mental status.
- D. Assess urine output.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Assess pulses and blood pressure. Before administering an antiarrhythmic agent, it is essential to assess the patient's pulses and blood pressure because these medications can affect cardiac function, potentially causing bradycardia or hypotension. Monitoring these vital signs helps to ensure the patient's safety and allows for early detection of any adverse effects. Assessing breath sounds (B), mental status (C), and urine output (D) are important assessments but not the priority before administering an antiarrhythmic agent, as they are not directly related to the medication's potential immediate effects on cardiac function.
A patient who experiences motion sickness when flying asks the nurse the best time to take the medication prescribed to prevent motion sickness for a flight. The nurse will instruct the patient to take the medication at what time?
- A. As needed at the first sign of nausea.
- B. When seated just prior to takeoff.
- C. At 0830 just prior to boarding the flight.
- D. At 0700 before leaving for the airport.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: At 0700 before leaving for the airport. Taking the medication at 0700 allows for sufficient time for the medication to be absorbed and reach peak effectiveness before the flight. This timing ensures that the patient is protected from motion sickness throughout the entire duration of the flight. Choice A is not ideal as waiting until the first sign of nausea may lead to inadequate prevention. Choices B and C do not provide ample time for the medication to take effect before flight.
Anticholinergic drugs are used in Ophthalmology because they produce what effect?
- A. Pupil restriction.
- B. Decreased lacrimal secretions.
- C. Pupil dilation.
- D. Sedation.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pupil dilation. Anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine, leading to pupil dilation by inhibiting the constriction of the sphincter muscle in the iris. This effect is beneficial in ophthalmology for procedures like dilation exams and treating conditions like uveitis. Choice A is incorrect as anticholinergics cause pupil dilation, not restriction. Choice B is incorrect because anticholinergics actually increase lacrimal secretions instead of decreasing them. Choice D is incorrect as sedation is not a typical effect of anticholinergic drugs in ophthalmology.
What concept is considered when generic drugs are substituted for brand-name drugs?
- A. Half Life.
- B. Critical concentration.
- C. Distribution.
- D. Bioavailability.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Bioavailability. Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which the active ingredient of a drug is absorbed and becomes available at the site of action in the body. When generic drugs are substituted for brand-name drugs, bioavailability is crucial to ensure that the generic drug delivers the same therapeutic effect as the brand-name drug. A higher bioavailability indicates that the generic drug is absorbed efficiently and can produce the desired clinical effect. Half-life (A) is the time required for the concentration of a drug in the body to decrease by half, not directly related to drug substitution. Critical concentration (B) is the minimum concentration of a drug needed to produce a therapeutic effect, not specifically considered in drug substitution. Distribution (C) refers to the process of drug transport within the body, not directly linked to drug substitution.