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A woman in active labor requests pain relief. Which pharmacological option is safe and effective for pain management during labor?
- A. Ibuprofen
- B. Nitrous oxide
- C. Morphine
- D. Diazepam
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Nitrous oxide, also known as "laughing gas," is a safe and effective pharmacological option for pain management during labor. Nitrous oxide is commonly used in labor and delivery settings as it has minimal effects on the baby and allows the woman to remain in control of her pain management. It provides quick pain relief when inhaled and can be adjusted to the woman's needs during labor. Ibuprofen, morphine, and diazepam are not typically used for pain management during labor due to their potential risks and side effects, especially for the baby.
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The following are considered qualitative research process EXCEPT?
- A. Sample
- B. Hypothesis
- C. Literature review
- D. Data collection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In qualitative research, the focus is on exploring a phenomenon in-depth, understanding experiences, perceptions, and meanings. Unlike quantitative research, qualitative research does not typically start with a hypothesis to be tested. Instead, qualitative studies often use open-ended questions and flexible methods to gather rich, detailed data that can lead to new insights and theories. The other options - sample, literature review, and data collection - are essential components of the qualitative research process.
Which of the following imaging modalities is most appropriate for evaluating suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) in a pregnant patient?
- A. Chest X-ray
- B. Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
- C. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography
- D. Transthoracic echocardiography
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In a pregnant patient with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE), the most appropriate imaging modality for evaluation is contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography. This imaging technique has been shown to be safe for the fetus when necessary, especially if the benefits of making a diagnosis outweigh the minimal risks associated with radiation exposure. It provides quick and accurate detection of PE with high sensitivity and specificity.
Which of the following conditions is characterized by the presence of multiple fluid-filled sacs within the ovaries and is associated with menstrual irregularities and hyperandrogenism?
- A. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
- B. Ovarian torsion
- C. Ovarian cyst rupture
- D. Ovarian cancer
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. It is characterized by the presence of multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within the ovaries, which can be visualized on ultrasound. Women with PCOS often experience menstrual irregularities such as irregular periods or no periods, as well as symptoms of hyperandrogenism like hirsutism (excessive hair growth) and acne. Other common features of PCOS include insulin resistance and obesity. It is important to note that not all women with PCOS will have ovarian cysts, but the presence of multiple cysts is a common finding in this condition.
Which of the following gives cues to the nurse that the patient may be grieving for loss?
- A. Thoughts, feelings , behavior, and physiologic complaints
- B. Hallucination, panic 1evel of anxiety, sense of impending doom
- C. Sad affect, anger anxiety, and sudden change of mood
- D. Complaints of abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of appetite
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A grieving individual may show a range of cues across different aspects of their life. Thoughts may include constant preoccupation with the loss, difficulties in concentrating, or intrusive thoughts. Feelings may involve sadness, anger, guilt, confusion, or relief. Behavioral cues may include changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, social withdrawal, or the use of substances. Physiologic complaints can manifest as headaches, stomach issues, fatigue, or other physical symptoms. Therefore, when a nurse observes cues related to thoughts, feelings, behavior, and physiologic complaints in a patient, it can suggest that the patient is grieving for a loss.
Nurse Sandy selected a framework which focuses " that humans are in constant relationship with stressors in the environment and that nursing is keeping the patient's system adjust to wellness which is BEST reflected in _______.
- A. Parse's human becoming theory
- B. Peplau's psychodynamic theory
- C. Neuman's adaptation model
- D. Swanson's theory of caring
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Neuman's adaptation model, also known as the Neuman Systems Model, is a nursing theory that focuses on how individuals respond to stressors in their environment. The model views individuals as being in a constant state of dynamic equilibrium, where they are interacting with stressors that can disrupt their normal functioning. Nursing care, according to this model, is aimed at helping individuals maintain or restore their optimal level of wellness by assisting them in adapting to these stressors. Therefore, Nurse Sandy's selection of a framework that emphasizes the constant relationship between humans and stressors in the environment aligns best with Neuman's adaptation model.