Nokea
The nurse has failed to obtain informed consent before performing a procedure on a patient. Which type of torts result from this nursing action?
- A. Negligence
- B. Malpractice
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Malpractice is a type of tort that involves professional negligence or misconduct by a professional such as a nurse that results in harm to a patient. In this scenario, failing to obtain informed consent before performing a procedure is considered a breach of the standard of care expected from a healthcare professional, which falls under malpractice. This failure to obtain informed consent deprives the patient of the right to make an informed decision about their treatment and can lead to legal consequences for the nurse.
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Which of the following is the cause of Somogyi effect, which occurs during sleep in patients with diabetes mellitus?
- A. too much globulin
- B. too much albumin
- C. increase insulin in the body
- D. limited insulin in the body
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Somogyi effect, also known as rebound hyperglycemia, is a phenomenon observed in patients with diabetes mellitus during sleep. It is characterized by a low blood sugar level (hypoglycemia) followed by high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) in the morning. This occurs due to limited insulin in the body during the night, leading to high blood sugar levels in the morning as a response to the hypoglycemia episode. Too much globulin or albumin are not directly associated with the Somogyi effect. Increasing insulin in the body would rather help prevent the hypoglycemia episode that triggers the rebound hyperglycemia in the Somogyi effect.
Which of the following interventions is appropriate for managing a conscious patient with a severe nosebleed (epistaxis)?
- A. Tilting the head back.
- B. Pinching the soft part of the nose.
- C. Packing the nose with cotton gauze.
- D. Applying direct pressure to the forehead.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When managing a conscious patient with a severe nosebleed (epistaxis), the appropriate intervention is to have the patient sit upright and lean slightly forward to prevent blood from flowing into the throat and causing choking or swallowing. Pinching the soft part of the nose just below the bony part can help apply pressure to the bleeding vessel and stop the bleeding. This maneuver also helps compress the blood vessels in the nose, promoting clot formation and stopping the bleeding. It is important not to tilt the head back as this can cause blood to flow into the throat and potentially lead to swallowing, choking, or aspiration. Packing the nose with cotton gauze should be done by medical professionals if the bleeding does not stop with direct pressure. Applying direct pressure to the forehead is not effective for managing nosebleeds; pressure should be applied to the nostrils instead.
What is the qualitative method that attempts to construct the meaning of the lived experience of human phenomena?
- A. Phenomenology
- B. Ethnography
- C. Grounded theory
- D. Case study
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Phenomenology is the qualitative method that attempts to construct the meaning of the lived experience of human phenomena. It focuses on understanding and describing individual experiences as they are lived and perceived by the person. Phenomenological research aims to uncover the essence or fundamental elements of a phenomenon by exploring the subjective experiences and perspectives of participants without imposing preconceived theories or assumptions. In essence, phenomenology seeks to capture the subjective reality and consciousness of individuals in their everyday lives.
A 28-year-old woman presents with cyclic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and infertility. On pelvic examination, tender nodules are palpated along the uterosacral ligaments. Which of the following conditions is most likely to be responsible for these findings?
- A. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
- B. Endometriosis
- C. Adenomyosis
- D. Leiomyomas (uterine fibroids)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Endometriosis is a chronic gynecologic condition characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, commonly on structures within the pelvis. The classic symptoms of endometriosis include cyclic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea (painful periods), and infertility. On pelvic examination, tender nodules or masses may be palpated along the uterosacral ligaments. These nodules are often referred to as "endometriotic implants" or "chocolate cysts." Endometriosis can cause inflammation, scarring, and adhesions in the pelvis, leading to symptoms such as pain and infertility. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by ovarian dysfunction and hormonal imbalances, often leading to irregular periods and symptoms related to excess androgens. Adenomyosis is the presence of endometrial tissue within the myometrium of the uterus, leading
What bio-ethical principle is violated by a nurse if he provides his patient fraudulent information about his diagnosis and prognosis?
- A. Justice
- B. Beneficence
- C. Autonomy
- D. Veracity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The bio-ethical principle of veracity pertains to honesty and truthfulness in healthcare communication. By providing fraudulent information about the patient's diagnosis and prognosis, the nurse would be violating the principle of veracity. It is crucial for healthcare providers to be honest and provide accurate information to patients in order to ensure informed decision-making and uphold the trust between healthcare professionals and their patients. Misleading a patient about their diagnosis and prognosis can have serious consequences on the patient's understanding of their condition, treatment decisions, and overall well-being. Therefore, maintaining honesty and truthfulness is essential in promoting ethical healthcare practices.