Nokea
What is the causative agent in HIV/AIDS?
- A. trichomonas vaginalis
- B. Treponema pallidum
- C. Human, T-cell lymphotrophio virus
- D. Chlamydia tranchomatis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The causative agent of HIV/AIDS is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV infects and kills the immune system's CD4 T cells, weakening the immune system and making the body more susceptible to infections and certain cancers. The virus is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, exposure to infected blood, sharing needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. Trichomonas vaginalis, Treponema pallidum, and Chlamydia trachomatis are all different microorganisms that are not responsible for causing HIV/AIDS.
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25-year old Francisco M., is diagnosed as having myelocytic leukemia and is admitted for chemotherapy. Francisco M.'s laboratory results indicate bone marrow depression. The nurse should encourage him to:
- A. Sleep with the head of the bed slightly
- B. Use a soft toothbrush and electric razor
- C. Drink citrus juices frequently for nourishment
- D. Increase his activity level and ambulates frequently
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct option is B - Use a soft toothbrush and electric razor. When a patient is diagnosed with myelocytic leukemia and has bone marrow depression as indicated by laboratory results, the platelet count is usually low which can lead to increased risk of bleeding. Therefore, it is important for the patient to use a soft toothbrush and electric razor to minimize the risk of injury and bleeding. Hard toothbrushes and sharp razors can cause damage to the gums and skin, leading to bleeding complications. It is essential to take precautions to prevent injury and promote safety for the patient undergoing chemotherapy with bone marrow depression.
An adult suffered 2nd and third degree burns over 20% of hid body 2 days ago. What is the best way to assess the client's fluid balance?
- A. Maintain strict records of intake and output
- B. Monitor skin turgor
- C. Weigh the client daily
- D. Check for edema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Maintaining strict records of intake and output is the best way to assess the client's fluid balance in this situation. Severe burns can lead to fluid loss, which can result in dehydration and other complications. By carefully monitoring the amount of fluid the client is taking in (intake) and the amount of fluid being eliminated from the body (output), healthcare providers can assess the client's fluid balance and make necessary adjustments to prevent dehydration or fluid overload. This approach provides accurate and specific information to guide fluid management and ensure optimal recovery for the client with burns. Monitoring skin turgor, daily weight, and checking for edema are also important measures, but maintaining strict records of intake and output is the most direct and effective method for assessing fluid balance in a client with burns.
A 3-year-old attends her grandfather's funeral. Her parents told her he is in heaven with God. Which statement best describes her understanding of spirituality?
- A. The body is here, and the spirit is in heaven.
- B. He is in heaven. Is this heaven?
- C. She will think that because she can see his body, he must still be here.
- D. He won't need his body in heaven.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Three-year-olds are literal thinkers; if they see a body, they may assume that the person is still present.
Which is most descriptive of clinical reasoning?
- A. A simple developmental process
- B. Purposeful and goal-directed
- C. Based on deliberate and irrational thought
- D. Assists individuals in guessing what is most appropriate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Clinical reasoning is a complex cognitive process used by healthcare providers to make sound clinical decisions about patient care. It involves the gathering and analyzing of information, as well as the formulation and evaluation of potential treatment options. Clinical reasoning is purposeful in that it is driven by the goal of providing the best possible care for the patient. Healthcare providers use their knowledge, skills, and experience to systematically work through patient problems, identify possible solutions, and make informed decisions. The process is goal-directed, aiming to achieve positive health outcomes for the patient based on the best available evidence and clinical expertise.
In fetal period, all are true EXCEPT
- A. 10 weeks - midgut returns to abdomen
- B. 12 weeks - external genitalia formed
- C. 24 weeks - surfactant production begun
- D. 26 weeks - face clearly recognizable
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Face recognition typically occurs earlier than 26 weeks.