Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Breast

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A young woman experienced signs of secondary sexual development (puberty) beginning at age 12. She is now approaching her 17th birthday but has not yet begun menstruating. What is the clinic nurse’s best response?

  • A. “Don’t worry, your periods should start soon.”
  • B. “This is a cause for great concern. You could have difficulty conceiving in the future.”
  • C. “Given that other signs of sexual development have occurred, we should schedule an appointment for further assessment.”
  • D. “This is fairly normal. Some young women are just ‘late bloomers,’ and there is no real cause for concern.”
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Given the young woman's delayed menarche despite signs of secondary sexual development, further assessment is warranted to rule out any underlying medical conditions affecting her menstrual cycle. This approach ensures appropriate evaluation and potential intervention if necessary.

A: Incorrect. While reassuring, it overlooks the need for a thorough assessment in this scenario.
B: Incorrect. Prematurely alarming the individual about future fertility issues without proper evaluation is unwarranted.
D: Incorrect. While some young women may be "late bloomers," it is essential to verify this through a professional assessment to rule out any underlying issues.

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Perineal pain in the first 4-6 hours after vaginal delivery are initially managed with

  • A. oral analgesic medications
  • B. ice packs to the perineum
  • C. frequent perineal pad changes
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Ice packs are effective in reducing swelling and providing relief from perineal pain immediately after delivery.

A patient states, My breasts are so small. I don’t think I will be able to breastfeed my baby. Which is the nurse’s best response?

  • A. It may be difficult but you should try anyway.
  • B. You can always supplement with formul
  • D. All women have about the same amount of glandular tissue necessary to secrete milk.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale:
- Choice D is correct as it provides accurate information that all women have sufficient glandular tissue for milk secretion, regardless of breast size.
- Breast size does not determine breastfeeding ability.
- Choices A and B lack evidence-based information and may discourage the patient or lead to misinformation.

The hormone that causes the follicle to rupture and the egg to be expelled is:

  • A. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • B. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • C. Estrogen
  • D. Progesterone
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: LH triggers ovulation, causing the follicle to rupture and release the egg.

What condition would the nurse suspect in a patient who presents with very painful menstrual cramps that prevent them from working each month?

  • A. amenorrhea
  • B. dysmenorrhea
  • C. premenstrual syndrome
  • D. abnormal uterine bleeding
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea refers to painful menstrual cramps that can be severe enough to interfere with daily activities like work. This condition is common and can be caused by increased prostaglandin levels leading to uterine contractions. Amenorrhea (A) is the absence of menstruation, not painful cramps. Premenstrual syndrome (C) involves a variety of physical and emotional symptoms before menstruation, but not necessarily severe cramps. Abnormal uterine bleeding (D) refers to irregular or excessive bleeding, not specifically related to cramps.

What is the name of the so-called ovulating hormone?

  • A. Estrogen
  • B. Progesterone
  • C. Luteinizing hormone
  • D. Follicle-stimulating hormone
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Luteinizing hormone (LH) is known as the ovulating hormone because it triggers ovulation.

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