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According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of psychology was on the scientific study of?
- A. Observable behavior.
- B. Conscious experience.
- C. Unconscious motivation.
- D. The functions of behavior.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Wilhelm Wundt's approach emphasized the study of conscious experience, marking a shift towards scientific methods in psychology. Choice A, observable behavior, is associated with behaviorism and not Wundt's structuralism. Choice C, unconscious motivation, is more aligned with Freud's psychoanalytic theory. Choice D, the functions of behavior, relates more to functionalism, which was developed by William James.
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Who proposed that the study of consciousness should be replaced by the study of behavior?
- A. John Watson
- B. Abraham Maslow
- C. G. Stanley Hall
- D. Sigmund Freud
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is John Watson. Watson, a key figure in behaviorism, believed that psychology should focus on observable behavior rather than consciousness. Abraham Maslow is known for his hierarchy of needs theory and humanistic psychology, not for advocating the study of behavior over consciousness. G. Stanley Hall was a pioneer in psychology but did not propose replacing the study of consciousness with behavior. Sigmund Freud, a prominent figure in psychoanalysis, focused on the unconscious mind rather than behavior.
Dr. Lee is studying pain perception using a functionalist perspective. It is most likely that Dr. Lee would suggest that we can only understand the conscious experience of pain?
- A. If all the component parts that make up the experience of pain are understood.
- B. By observing the outward expression of pain in response to different stimuli.
- C. If we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation.
- D. If we understand the unconscious processes that initiate the sensation of pain.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The functionalist perspective, as used by Dr. Lee, focuses on understanding the role of pain in human survival and adaptation. This perspective suggests that to fully comprehend pain perception, one must first grasp the significance of pain in terms of its adaptive functions and impact on behavior. Choices A, B, and D do not align with the functionalist perspective, as they do not emphasize the role of pain in human survival and adaptation.
Roger has suffered a major brain injury. As a result, he is unable to speak fluently, tends to mispronounce words, and speaks haltingly. For instance, he says 'wat' instead of 'watch' and 'tot' instead of 'talk.' What is the diagnosis?
- A. Agnosia
- B. Spatial neglect
- C. Broca's aphasia
- D. Prosopagnosia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct diagnosis for Roger's condition is Broca's aphasia. Broca's aphasia is characterized by difficulty in speaking fluently and accurately, often due to brain injury. In this case, Roger's symptoms of being unable to speak fluently, mispronouncing words, and speaking haltingly align with the characteristics of Broca's aphasia. Agnosia refers to the inability to recognize or interpret sensory information, spatial neglect is the lack of awareness of one side of the body or space, and prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize faces, none of which match Roger's symptoms.
Skinner would agree with all the following statements except:
- A. All behavior is governed by external consequences.
- B. Individuals have free will.
- C. Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes.
- D. Organisms tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Skinner's behaviorist perspective emphasized that behavior is influenced by external factors and reinforcement, rather than individual free will. Therefore, Skinner would not agree with the statement that individuals have free will. Choices A, C, and D align with Skinner's beliefs as he believed that behavior is shaped by external consequences, organisms tend to repeat behaviors leading to positive outcomes, and organisms tend to avoid behaviors leading to neutral or negative outcomes.
What is the current view of developmentalists regarding important changes throughout the entire human lifespan?
- A. Multicultural perspective
- B. Lifespan perspective
- C. Atypical development
- D. Maturation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Lifespan perspective.' This perspective highlights that significant developmental changes occur throughout a person's entire life, emphasizing continuous growth and development. Choice A, 'Multicultural perspective,' refers to the consideration of cultural influences on development rather than the timeline of changes. Choice C, 'Atypical development,' pertains to deviations from typical developmental patterns and is not directly related to the continuous changes across the lifespan. Choice D, 'Maturation,' specifically refers to the biological process of growth and development, which is different from the broader concept of developmental changes occurring across the lifespan.