Nokea
Acute febrile pharyngitis and pharyngoconjunctival fever are often the clinical presentation of which viral infection:
- A. VZV
- B. Measles virus
- C. Rubella virus
- D. Adenovirus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Adenovirus. Adenovirus commonly causes acute febrile pharyngitis and pharyngoconjunctival fever. Adenovirus is known to cause respiratory infections and can present with symptoms such as sore throat, fever, and conjunctivitis. VZV (Varicella-Zoster Virus) causes chickenpox and shingles, not these specific symptoms. Measles virus causes a systemic illness with characteristic rash, not typically pharyngitis. Rubella virus causes a mild febrile illness with rash, but not pharyngitis. Therefore, based on the clinical presentation described, adenovirus is the most likely cause.
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A patient who suffered form syphilis took a course of antibiotic therapy and fully recovered. Some time later he was infected again with Treponema pallidum. What form of infection is it?
- A. Reinfection
- B. Recurrence
- C. Superinfection
- D. Secondary infection
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Reinfection. This is because the patient fully recovered from the initial syphilis infection after antibiotic therapy, indicating the elimination of the pathogen. Subsequently getting infected again with Treponema pallidum suggests a new exposure to the same pathogen, resulting in a new infection. Recurrence (B) would imply the reactivation of the same infection, which is not the case here. Superinfection (C) refers to a new infection that occurs on top of an existing infection, which is not the scenario described. Secondary infection (D) typically refers to an infection that occurs after an initial infection weakens the immune system, which is not the case in this scenario.
Cause of genital warts is:
- A. Human papillomavirus
- B. Human immunodeficiency virus
- C. Herpes simplex virus 2
- D. Human cytomegalovirus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Human papillomavirus. Genital warts are caused by certain strains of HPV, specifically types 6 and 11. HPV is a sexually transmitted infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes. HPV is directly linked to the development of genital warts through skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. Herpes simplex virus 2 causes genital herpes, not genital warts. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) weakens the immune system but does not directly cause genital warts. Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is not a common cause of genital warts. Therefore, HPV is the correct and most logical choice for the cause of genital warts.
How do people get infected with diphtheria
- A. by swimming in contaminated water
- B. by transmission
- C. by droplets and physical contact
- D. by contaminated food
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because diphtheria is primarily spread through respiratory droplets and physical contact with an infected person. The bacteria responsible for diphtheria is transmitted through coughing, sneezing, or sharing personal items. Swimming in contaminated water (A) does not spread diphtheria. Transmission (B) is a broad term and does not specifically address the mode of transmission for diphtheria. Contaminated food (D) is not a typical route of diphtheria transmission. Therefore, option C is the most accurate choice based on the known mode of transmission for diphtheria.
Natural reservoirs of legionellae are:
- A. Water, soil, mud
- B. Only infected humans
- C. Infected animals and humans
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because Legionellae are typically found in natural water sources such as lakes, rivers, and soil. Legionellae thrive in aquatic environments and can also be present in mud. Choice B is incorrect as Legionellae are not limited to infected humans but are also found in the natural environment. Choice C is incorrect as Legionellae are not primarily associated with infected animals. Choice D is incorrect as Legionellae do have natural reservoirs in water and soil.
Which of the following bacteria can cause urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Salmonella enterica
- C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are all known to cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) in humans. E. coli is the most common cause of UTIs, accounting for about 80-85% of cases. S. enterica and P. aeruginosa are less common but can still infect the urinary tract under certain circumstances. Therefore, all three bacteria can potentially cause UTIs, making option D the correct choice. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not cover the full range of bacteria known to cause UTIs.