Nokea
Group II category diseases as established by the NIAID include:
- A. new foodborne pathogens
- B. diseases considered eradicated
- C. diseases used specifically as bioterrorism agents
- D. reemerging diseases
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: reemerging diseases. Group II category diseases by the NIAID are those that have reemerged or have the potential to reemerge. This classification helps prioritize research and resources. Choice A is incorrect because new foodborne pathogens fall under different categories. Choice B is incorrect as eradicated diseases are not part of the reemerging group. Choice C is incorrect because bioterrorism agents are classified separately. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it aligns with the purpose of Group II category diseases.
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The complex of all biological processes/mechanisms is responsible for the state of steady internal, physical, chemical conditions in the living systems and defense against all foreign agents is known as:
- A. Infection
- B. Commensalism
- C. Immunity
- D. Homeostasis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (C - Immunity):
1. Immunity refers to the body's ability to defend against foreign agents.
2. Homeostasis is the state of steady internal conditions, not specifically related to defense.
3. Infection is the invasion and multiplication of pathogens, not the overall defense mechanism.
4. Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits without harming the other.
During the staining of sputum smear of a patient with suspected croupous pneumonia the following reactives and stainers were used: gentian violet solution, Lugol's solution, 960 spiritus and water fuchsin. What method of staining is used in this case?
- A. Leffler's
- B. Gram's
- C. Ziehl-Neelsen's
- D. Neisser's
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Gram's staining method. The rationale for this is as follows: Gentian violet and Lugol's solution are used as primary and mordant stains in the Gram's staining method. Spiritus 960 is used as a decolorizer, and water fuchsin is used as a counterstain. This staining method is commonly used in microbiology to differentiate bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative based on their cell wall characteristics.
A: Leffler's staining method is used for the identification of diphtheria bacilli.
C: Ziehl-Neelsen's staining method is used for acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
D: Neisser's staining method is used for the identification of Neisseria species.
In summary, the use of specific reactives and stainers in the question indicates the application of the Gram's staining method for bacterial differentiation.
The role of pili in bacteria is:
- A. protection from desiccation
- B. motility
- C. adhesion to surfaces and conjugation
- D. spore formation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: adhesion to surfaces and conjugation. Pili are hair-like structures on the surface of bacteria that help them adhere to surfaces and facilitate the transfer of genetic material during conjugation. This is essential for bacterial survival and reproduction. Choice A is incorrect because protection from desiccation is typically associated with other structures like capsules. Choice B is incorrect as motility in bacteria is usually facilitated by flagella. Choice D is incorrect as spore formation involves the formation of specialized structures, not pili.
Peptidoglycan is typically found in the:
- A. cell wall
- B. plasma membrane
- C. nucleus
- D. endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Peptidoglycan is a major component of bacterial cell walls, providing structural support and protection. The correct answer is A because peptidoglycan is typically found in the cell wall of bacteria. The cell wall is crucial for maintaining the shape of the bacterial cell and protecting it from external stresses. The plasma membrane (choice B) is primarily composed of phospholipids and proteins, not peptidoglycan. The nucleus (choice C) is found in eukaryotic cells and contains genetic material, not peptidoglycan. The endoplasmic reticulum (choice D) is an organelle involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism, but it does not contain peptidoglycan. Therefore, the correct answer is A as peptidoglycan is typically found in the cell wall of bacteria.
The effect of which of the following toxins DOES NOT MANIFEST with neurological symptoms:
- A. Tetanospasmin
- B. Diphtheria exotoxin
- C. Botulinum exotoxin
- D. Pertussis exotoxin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is D: Pertussis exotoxin. Pertussis toxin primarily affects the respiratory system causing whooping cough. It does not directly target the nervous system like the other toxins listed. Tetanospasmin causes muscle spasms, Diphtheria exotoxin affects the heart and nerves, and Botulinum exotoxin causes paralysis by blocking neurotransmitter release. Therefore, Pertussis exotoxin is the only toxin among the options that does not manifest with neurological symptoms.