Nokea
Adenoviral infections are restricted only to the upper respiratory tract:
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. Both answers can be correct depending on circumstances
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: FALSE. Adenoviral infections are not restricted only to the upper respiratory tract; they can also affect the gastrointestinal tract, eyes, and other organs. Adenoviruses are known to cause a wide range of illnesses beyond just respiratory infections. Therefore, option B is correct. Option A is incorrect because it states that adenoviral infections are restricted to the upper respiratory tract, which is not true. Option C is incorrect because there is no circumstance where adenoviral infections are solely limited to the upper respiratory tract. Option D is also incorrect as the correct answer is B.
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Which bacteria is responsible for causing the disease known as tuberculosis?
- A. Mycobacterium leprae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. Clostridium botulinum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacterium is responsible for causing tuberculosis as it specifically infects the lungs and can spread through the air. Mycobacterium leprae (choice A) causes leprosy, not tuberculosis. Streptococcus pneumoniae (choice C) is a common cause of pneumonia but not tuberculosis. Clostridium botulinum (choice D) causes botulism, a different disease unrelated to tuberculosis. Therefore, the unique characteristics and infection pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis make it the correct choice for the bacteria responsible for causing tuberculosis.
A 23-year-old man developed a perforation in his hard palate, a dense formation with clear margins was detected in this area. After a surgery, microscopy of excised formation shows there a large focus of caseous necrosis surrounded with a granulation tissue with endovasculitis and a cellular infiltration consisting of lymphocytes and epithelioid cells with predominance of plasma cells. What is the most likely disease in this case?
- A. Syphilis
- B. Tuberculosis
- C. Leprosy
- D. Scleroma
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Tuberculosis. The case describes a man with a perforation in the hard palate and features of caseous necrosis with granulation tissue, endovasculitis, and a cellular infiltration mainly of lymphocytes, epithelioid cells, and plasma cells. These findings are classic for tuberculosis infection, commonly seen in extrapulmonary sites like the oral cavity. Syphilis (choice A) typically presents with a painless ulcer and different histopathological features. Leprosy (choice C) presents with granulomas containing foamy macrophages. Scleroma (choice D) is caused by Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis and presents with chronic granulomatous inflammation.
Which is correct for bacterial growth?
- A. Most of the bacteria can grow in absence or in presence of oxygen
- B. All bacteria grow in absence of oxygen
- C. All bacteria are microaerophiles
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because most bacteria can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen. Some bacteria are aerobic and require oxygen for growth, while others are anaerobic and can grow in the absence of oxygen. Choice B is incorrect because not all bacteria grow in the absence of oxygen. Choice C is incorrect because not all bacteria are microaerophiles, which are bacteria that require a low level of oxygen for growth. Choice D is incorrect because most bacteria exhibit flexibility in their oxygen requirements.
Disinfection is:
- A. method for destruction of spore forms of microorganisms
- B. method for destruction of vegetative and spore forms of microorganisms
- C. method to destroy the vegetative forms of microorganism, but their spores may survive
- D. method for determination of the effect of physical agents on the microorganism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Disinfection is the process of destroying the vegetative forms of microorganisms, but their spores may survive. This is why choice C is correct. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Disinfection does not necessarily target spore forms exclusively.
B: While disinfection targets vegetative forms, it does not always eliminate spore forms.
D: Disinfection is not primarily used for determining the effect of physical agents on microorganisms.
A wound smear revealed Gram-negative rods producing blue-green pigment. The bacteria had a fruity odor. What is the causative agent?
- A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Klebsiella pneumoniae
- D. Proteus mirabilis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to produce a blue-green pigment called pyocyanin, which is characteristic of the organism. Additionally, it has a distinct fruity odor due to the production of certain volatile compounds. Escherichia coli (B) does not produce blue-green pigment or have a fruity odor. Klebsiella pneumoniae (C) and Proteus mirabilis (D) also do not exhibit these specific characteristics associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.