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Microscopy of a sputum smear revealed acid-fast bacilli stained red using the Ziehl-Neelsen method. What is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Tuberculosis
- B. Leprosy
- C. Diphtheria
- D. Pneumonia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The presence of acid-fast bacilli stained red using the Ziehl-Neelsen method indicates a mycobacterial infection. Among the choices, tuberculosis is the most common mycobacterial infection affecting the lungs, presenting with acid-fast bacilli in sputum. Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae, but it typically does not show up in sputum smears. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which is not acid-fast. Pneumonia is a general term for lung inflammation caused by various pathogens, not specifically mycobacteria. Therefore, the correct diagnosis is tuberculosis based on the microscopy findings.
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A wound infection culture revealed Gram-positive cocci in clusters. The bacteria were catalase-positive and coagulase-negative. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Staphylococcus epidermidis
- B. Staphylococcus aureus
- C. Streptococcus pyogenes
- D. Enterococcus faecalis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The most likely causative agent in this case is Staphylococcus epidermidis. This conclusion can be drawn based on the characteristics provided: Gram-positive cocci in clusters, catalase-positive, and coagulase-negative. Staphylococcus epidermidis fits all these criteria.
Explanation of other choices:
- Staphylococcus aureus: Typically coagulase-positive, so it does not match the characteristics given.
- Streptococcus pyogenes: Gram-positive cocci in chains, not clusters. Also, it is catalase-negative.
- Enterococcus faecalis: Gram-positive cocci in pairs or chains, not clusters. Additionally, it is catalase-negative.
Therefore, Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most likely causative agent based on the provided characteristics.
When microorganisms enter the circulatory system through the lymphatic drainage and cause an infection, the condition is called:
- A. bacteremia
- B. septicemia
- C. microbemia
- D. viremia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: microbemia. When microorganisms enter the circulatory system via the lymphatic drainage, the condition is specifically termed microbemia. This term focuses on the presence of microorganisms in the bloodstream.
Rationale:
1. Bacteremia (choice A) refers to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, not specifically microorganisms as a whole.
2. Septicemia (choice B) is a severe infection causing systemic inflammation due to the presence of pathogens or their toxins in the blood, not limited to microorganisms entering via lymphatic drainage.
3. Viremia (choice D) is the presence of viruses in the bloodstream, not a term used for microorganisms entering through the lymphatic drainage.
In summary, the term microbemia accurately describes the scenario of microorganisms entering the circulatory system through lymphatic drainage, making it the correct choice over the other options.
Family Retroviriade:
- A. Their capsid consists of two copies of ssRNA(-)
- B. Are with complex type of symmetry
- C. Are helical, enveloped viruses
- D. Are helical, non-enveloped viruses
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Family Retroviridae is known for having a single-stranded RNA genome.
2. The (-) sign indicates that the RNA strand is negative-sense.
3. Therefore, the correct answer A, "Their capsid consists of two copies of ssRNA(-)," is accurate.
Summary:
- Choice B is incorrect because Retroviridae have simple type of symmetry.
- Choice C is incorrect as Retroviridae are not enveloped viruses.
- Choice D is incorrect because Retroviridae are enveloped viruses.
A wound smear revealed Gram-negative rods producing blue-green pigment. The bacteria had a fruity odor. What is the causative agent?
- A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Klebsiella pneumoniae
- D. Proteus mirabilis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to produce a blue-green pigment called pyocyanin, which is characteristic of the organism. Additionally, it has a distinct fruity odor due to the production of certain volatile compounds. Escherichia coli (B) does not produce blue-green pigment or have a fruity odor. Klebsiella pneumoniae (C) and Proteus mirabilis (D) also do not exhibit these specific characteristics associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
All of the following are ways the kidney are used for urine formation and drug clearance except:
- A. Filtration
- B. Tubular secretion
- C. Tubular filtration
- D. Tubular reabsorption
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tubular filtration. The kidney does not perform tubular filtration as a method for urine formation and drug clearance. The process of urine formation involves filtration, secretion, and reabsorption. Filtration occurs at the glomerulus, where blood is filtered to form the initial filtrate. Tubular secretion involves the active transport of substances from the blood into the renal tubules to be eliminated in urine. Tubular reabsorption is the process of reclaiming useful substances from the filtrate back into the blood. Therefore, tubular filtration is not a valid process in urine formation and drug clearance, making it the correct answer. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they are essential processes in urine formation and drug clearance.