Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System

Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System Related

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After Sam fathers five children, he and his wife decide that he should have a vasectomy, which is a cutting and removal of a small section of each vas deferens. Why will this cause Sam to be infertile?

  • A. It will become impossible for him to ejaculate during coitus.
  • B. The sperm will not be able to get from the epididymis to the urethra.
  • C. He will no longer produce sperm.
  • D. The seminal fluid will be too acidic for the sperm to survive.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: Vasectomy involves cutting and removing a small section of each vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles to the urethra.
Step 2: By severing the vas deferens, sperm are physically blocked from reaching the urethra.
Step 3: Without the ability for sperm to travel through the vas deferens to the urethra, they cannot be ejaculated during coitus.
Step 4: Therefore, choice B is correct - the sperm will not be able to get from the epididymis to the urethra, causing infertility.
Summary:
Choice A is incorrect because ejaculation is the release of semen, not sperm. Choice C is incorrect as the testicles continue to produce sperm, but the sperm cannot reach the urethra. Choice D is incorrect as the acidity of seminal fluid does not affect the ability of sperm to travel through the vas deferens.

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A 38-year-old patient presents to the clinic office complaining of increased bilateral tenderness of her breasts prior to the onset of menses. On questioning the patient, this

  • A. Physical examination reveals lumpy areas bilaterally on the upper outer quadrants of each
  • B. The areas of concern are approximately 2 cm in siz
  • C. Based on this assessment, which diagnostic testing would be necessary? (Select all that apply.)
  • D. Ultrasound examination
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because lumpy areas on the upper outer quadrants of the breasts are characteristic of fibrocystic breast changes, which commonly cause increased tenderness before menses. This finding is important for differential diagnosis and management. Choice B is incorrect because the size of the areas is less relevant than the location and characteristics. Choice C is incorrect as it is not specific to the clinical presentation described. Choice D is incorrect because while an ultrasound may be used in assessing breast lumps, the initial step would be to identify the specific characteristics on physical examination.

The endometrial thickness is greatest during the:

  • A. Secretory phase
  • B. Menstrual phase
  • C. Proliferative phase
  • D. Late follicular phase
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Secretory phase. During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, the endometrial thickness is greatest due to increased progesterone levels, leading to thickening of the endometrium in preparation for potential implantation of a fertilized egg. This phase occurs after ovulation and is characterized by glandular secretions and increased vascularity to support a potential pregnancy.

Summary:
- Menstrual phase (B) is incorrect as it is characterized by shedding of the endometrial lining.
- Proliferative phase (C) is incorrect as it involves endometrial thickening but not to the extent seen in the secretory phase.
- Late follicular phase (D) is incorrect as it precedes ovulation and is primarily characterized by follicular development rather than significant endometrial thickening.

During stage two of milk production (the postpartum period), hormonal changes include

  • A. increased progesterone and decreased prolactin
  • B. increased progesterone and decreased estrogen
  • C. decreased progesterone and increased prolactin
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Progesterone withdrawal and rising prolactin facilitate lactogenesis.

Immediately after an uncomplicated delivery without meconium, a full-term newborn is warmed, dried, suctioned, and positioned appropriately but has a heart rate of 80 beats/min. According to neonatal resuscitation guidelines, the next step in managing this infant is

  • A. positive-pressure ventilation
  • B. chest compression
  • C. epinephrine administration
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A heart rate below 100 beats/min in a newborn requires positive-pressure ventilation to support breathing and increase heart rate.

Mammary glands are considered accessory organs of the female reproductive system.

  • A. TRUE
  • B. FALSE
  • C. NA
  • D. NA
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Mammary glands are indeed considered accessory organs of the female reproductive system.

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