Nokea
The main commissural fiber in the brain is:
- A. Corpus callosum
- B. Anterior commissure
- C. Posterior commissure
- D. Hippocampal commissure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Corpus callosum. The corpus callosum is the main commissural fiber in the brain that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, allowing for communication and coordination between them. It is the largest and most prominent commissural fiber in the brain, making it the correct choice.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B: Anterior commissure - Connects certain regions of the cerebral hemispheres, but not as prominent or as large as the corpus callosum.
C: Posterior commissure - Connects certain structures in the brainstem, not the cerebral hemispheres.
D: Hippocampal commissure - Connects the two hippocampi, not the cerebral hemispheres.
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Ova and sperm are also known as which of the following?
- A. Gonads
- B. Gametes
- C. Stem cells
- D. Hormones
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Gametes. Ova and sperm are reproductive cells involved in sexual reproduction. Gametes are specialized cells that combine during fertilization to form a new organism. They are distinct from gonads (A), which are the organs that produce gametes. Stem cells (C) are undifferentiated cells that can develop into various cell types, not specific to ova and sperm. Hormones (D) are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, not directly related to ova and sperm production.
The chromosomal disorder CORRECTLY matched with its karyotype is:
- A. Turner’s syndrome – 45X0
- B. Klinefelter’s syndrome – XYY
- C. Patau’s syndrome – Trisomy 21
- D. Edward’s syndrome – Trisomy 13
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Turner's syndrome is characterized by a missing X chromosome, resulting in a karyotype of 45X0.
2. Klinefelter's syndrome involves an extra X chromosome, leading to a karyotype of 47XXY.
3. Patau's syndrome is Trisomy 13, not Trisomy 21.
4. Edward's syndrome is Trisomy 18, not Trisomy 13.
Therefore, the correct answer is A because Turner's syndrome is correctly matched with a karyotype of 45X0.
Mammary glands are considered accessory organs of the female reproductive system.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. NA
- D. NA
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mammary glands are indeed considered accessory organs of the female reproductive system.
A 58-year-old postmenopausal woman presents with a sensation of pelvic heaviness and states she feels like something is sitting in her vagina. On examination, the provider notes a visible protrusion of the bladder into the anterior vaginal wall. What structural disorder of the female reproductive system is consistent with these findings?
- A. pelvic floor prolapse
- B. DES exposure
- C. vaginal septum
- D. bladder fistula
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: pelvic floor prolapse. This condition is characterized by weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and ligaments, leading to descent of pelvic organs such as the bladder into the vagina. The patient's symptoms of pelvic heaviness and sensation of something in her vagina are classic signs of pelvic floor prolapse. Examination findings of visible protrusion of the bladder into the anterior vaginal wall further support this diagnosis.
Explanation of incorrect choices:
B: DES exposure - This is not a structural disorder of the female reproductive system. DES exposure is associated with adverse effects on reproductive health but does not present with visible bladder protrusion.
C: Vaginal septum - This is a congenital anomaly where the vagina is divided by a septum. It does not typically present with bladder protrusion.
D: Bladder fistula - This is an abnormal connection between the bladder and another structure. While it can cause urinary symptoms, it does not typically present with visible bladder protrusion into the vagina.
Treatment of engorgement in the breastfeeding mother includes
- A. application of warm compresses before breastfeeding
- B. less frequent breastfeeding
- C. antibiotics and cold therapy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Warm compresses and frequent breastfeeding help relieve engorgement by promoting milk flow.