Basic Principles of Pharmacology Quizlet

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All drugs continue to act in the body until they are changed or excreted. The ability of the body to excrete drugs via the renal system would be increased by:

  • A. Reduced circulation and perfusion of the kidney
  • B. Chronic renal disease
  • C. Competition for a transport site by another drug
  • D. Unbinding a nonvolatile drug from plasma proteins
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice D is correct:
1. Unbinding a nonvolatile drug from plasma proteins increases the drug's free concentration in the blood.
2. Increased free drug concentration enhances the drug's ability to be filtered by the kidneys.
3. Higher filtration of the drug leads to increased excretion through the renal system.
4. Therefore, unbinding a nonvolatile drug from plasma proteins enhances the body's ability to excrete the drug efficiently.

Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Reduced circulation and perfusion of the kidney would decrease the excretion of drugs.
B: Chronic renal disease impairs renal function, reducing drug excretion.
C: Competition for a transport site by another drug may affect distribution but not necessarily increase drug excretion.

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Eicosanoids are hormone-like compounds that are produced from fatty-acids. All of the following are eicosanoids, EXCEPT

  • A. Prostacyclin
  • B. Leukotrienes
  • C. Endorphin
  • D. Prostaglandins
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: - Endorphin is a neuropeptide hormone, not an eicosanoid derived from fatty acids.
- Prostacyclin, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins are all eicosanoids produced from fatty acids.
- Endorphins are produced in the brain and nervous system, mainly known for their role in pain regulation.
- Eicosanoids play roles in inflammation, blood clotting, and regulating blood pressure.
- Therefore, the correct answer is C, Endorphin, as it is not an eicosanoid derived from fatty acids.

What term best defines the cimetidine-diazepam interaction where the sedative effect of diazepam increased significantly?

  • A. Synergism
  • B. Potentiation
  • C. Additive
  • D. Antagonism
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The cimetidine-diazepam interaction, where the sedative effect of diazepam increased significantly due to the inhibition of the cytochrome P-450 system by cimetidine, can be best defined as potentiation. Potentiation refers to the enhancement of one drug's effect by another, leading to a greater overall effect than either drug alone. In this case, cimetidine potentiates the sedative effect of diazepam by inhibiting its metabolism, resulting in increased sedation.

The point in time on the drug concentration curve that indicates the first sign of a therapeutic effect is the:

  • A. Minimum adverse effect level
  • B. Peak of action
  • C. Onset of action
  • D. Therapeutic range
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Onset of action. This is the point in time when the drug concentration reaches a level where the therapeutic effect begins to be observed. The onset of action signifies the start of the drug's intended effect on the body. The minimum adverse effect level (Choice A) refers to the lowest concentration at which side effects may occur, not the therapeutic effect. The peak of action (Choice B) is the point when the drug's effect is at its maximum, not necessarily the first sign of therapeutic effect. The therapeutic range (Choice D) is the range of drug concentrations that produce the desired therapeutic effect without causing significant side effects, but it does not specifically indicate the onset of therapeutic action.

The major reason for not crushing a sustained release capsule is that, if crushed, the coated beads of the drugs could possibly result in:

  • A. Disintegration
  • B. Toxicity
  • C. Malabsorption
  • D. Deterioration
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Toxicity. Crushing a sustained-release capsule can disrupt the controlled release mechanism, leading to the rapid release of a potentially toxic dose. This can overwhelm the body's ability to metabolize the drug safely, causing toxicity. Disintegration (A) would not be the major concern as the beads would still release the drug. Malabsorption (C) is less likely as the drug would still be absorbed, albeit possibly too quickly. Deterioration (D) refers to physical changes in the drug, not toxicity.

The nurse is meeting with a community group about medication safety. The nurse must emphasize that patients at high risk for drug interactions include which groups? (Select all that apply.)

  • A. Older patients
  • B. Patients with chronic health conditions
  • C. Patients taking three or more drugs
  • D. Patients dealing with only one pharmacy
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A (Older patients) because elderly individuals tend to have multiple comorbidities and are more likely to be prescribed multiple medications, increasing the risk of drug interactions. Older patients also tend to have age-related physiological changes that can affect drug metabolism.

Choice B (Patients with chronic health conditions) is not necessarily always at high risk for drug interactions, as it depends on the specific medications they are taking and their individual health status.

Choice C (Patients taking three or more drugs) is not always a high-risk group, as drug interactions can occur even with fewer medications based on the specific drugs being taken and individual patient factors.

Choice D (Patients dealing with only one pharmacy) is not directly related to the risk of drug interactions, as the number of pharmacies used by a patient does not necessarily correlate with the risk of drug interactions.