Nokea
All of the following are protein bound except:
- A. Propranolol
- B. Atenolol
- C. Phenylbutazone
- D. Warfarin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atenolol has low protein binding; others bind extensively.
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Before administering a prescription medication, what information does the nurse find on the drug label? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Brand name
- B. Generic name
- C. Drug concentration
- D. Adverse effects
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Prescription drug labels will contain the brand name, generic name, drug concentration, and expiration date. Adverse effects will not be listed on drug labels.
A pharmaceutical lab states that a drug causes negative side effects in 3 of every 100 patients. To confirm this affirmation, another laboratory chooses 5 people at random who have consumed the drug. What is the probability that at least two experience side effects?
- A. 0.8687
- B. 0.1313
- C. 0.00847
- D. 0.0003
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The probability of at least two experiencing side effects is P(X≥2) = 1 - [P(X=0) + P(X=1)]. Using binomial calculations: P(X=0) = 0.8687, P(X=1) = (5 choose 1) * 0.03 * 0.97^4 = 0.1342, so P(X≥2) = 1 - (0.8687 + 0.1342) = 0.00847, matching the document.
Cough and cold medications that contain a sympathomimetic decongestant such as phenylephrine should be used cautiously in what population:
- A. Older adults
- B. Hypertensive patients
- C. Infants
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Sympathomimetic decongestants like phenylephrine can raise blood pressure or cause adverse effects in older adults, hypertensives, and infants.
When involved in phase III drug evaluation studies, what responsibilities would the nurse have?
- A. Working with animals who are given experimental drugs
- B. Choosing appropriate patients to be involved in the drug study
- C. Monitoring and observing patients closely for adverse effects
- D. Conducting research to determine effectiveness of the drug
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Phase III studies involve use of a drug in a vast clinical population in which patients are asked to record any symptoms they experience while taking the drugs. Nurses may be responsible for helping collect and analyze the information to be shared with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) but would not conduct research independently because nurses do not prescribe medications. Use of animals in drug testing is done in the preclinical trials. Select patients who are involved in phase II studies to participate in studies where the participants have the disease the drug is intended to treat. These patients are monitored closely for drug action and adverse effects. Phase I studies involve healthy human volunteers who are usually paid for their participation. Nurses may observe for adverse effects and toxicity.
The nurse caring for a patient who has tuberculosis and who is taking isoniazid, rifampin, and streptomycin reviews the medical record and notes the patient's sputum cultures reveal resistance to streptomycin. The nurse will anticipate that the provider will take which action?
- A. Add ethambutol (Myambutol)
- B. Change the streptomycin to clarithromycin
- C. Change the streptomycin to kanamycin
- D. Order renal function tests
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Kanamycin replaces streptomycin in phase I resistance; ethambutol is for INH resistance, and clarithromycin is phase II. The patient's current regimen is first-phase treatment. If resistance to streptomycin develops, the provider can change to kanamycin or to ciprofloxacin.