Nokea
All of the following can be a consequence of the formation of NETS with the exception of:
- A. Killing of microbes contained in phagolysosomes
- B. Death of neutrophils
- C. Trapping of microbes at sites of infection
- D. Extracellular microbial killing
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because NETs (Neutrophil Extracellular Traps) are released by neutrophils to trap and kill microbes extracellularly. Step 1: NETs are composed of DNA, histones, and antimicrobial proteins. Step 2: They trap microbes at the site of infection. Step 3: The antimicrobial proteins in NETs kill the trapped microbes. Step 4: Neutrophils themselves do not contain microbes inside phagolysosomes, so the killing of microbes contained in phagolysosomes is not a direct consequence of NET formation. Therefore, choice A is the exception. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are all consequences of NET formation.
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The nurse is instructing a patient with rheumatoid arthritis about a prescribed exercise program. Which information should the nurse include?
- A. Perform exercises every day, 3 to 10 times for every joint.
- B. Perform exercises even if inflammation is present.
- C. Perform exercises past the point of pain.
- D. Perform twice the number of exercises the next day if one day is missed.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because a consistent exercise routine is important for managing rheumatoid arthritis. Performing exercises every day helps improve joint mobility and strength without causing excessive strain. Option B is incorrect as exercising during inflammation can worsen symptoms. Option C is incorrect as exercising past the point of pain can lead to injury. Option D is incorrect as overcompensating the following day can also lead to injury and disrupt the exercise program's consistency.
A nurse caring for clients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) plans care understanding the most common causes of death for these clients is which of the following? (Select one that does not apply.)
- A. Infection
- B. Cardiovascular impairment
- C. Vasculitis
- D. Chronic kidney disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vasculitis. Vasculitis is a common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and can lead to serious organ damage and even death. In SLE, inflammation affects blood vessels, leading to vasculitis which can cause tissue damage and impaired blood flow. While infections, cardiovascular impairment, and chronic kidney disease are also common causes of mortality in SLE patients, vasculitis is specifically associated with the disease and its complications. Infections can occur due to the immune system's weakened response, cardiovascular issues can arise from inflammation and damage to the heart and blood vessels, and chronic kidney disease can develop due to immune complex deposition in the kidneys. However, vasculitis is the most directly linked cause of death in SLE patients due to its impact on multiple organ systems.
Protective immunity against Leishmania is best in individuals that make a:
- A. Strong antibody response
- B. Response that activates macrophages
- C. Response that activates mast cells
- D. Strong anti-bacterial response
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Response that activates macrophages. Macrophages play a crucial role in controlling Leishmania infection by phagocytizing the parasites. Activating macrophages enhances their ability to kill the intracellular parasites, leading to effective immunity. Antibodies (choice A) are not as effective against intracellular pathogens like Leishmania. Mast cells (choice C) are primarily involved in allergic reactions, not protective immunity against parasites. Anti-bacterial response (choice D) is not directly relevant to combating Leishmania, an intracellular parasite.
How does an antigen stimulate an immune response?
- A. It is captured, processed, and presented to a lymphocyte by a macrophage.
- B. It circulates in the blood, where it comes in contact with circulating lymphocytes.
- C. It is a foreign protein that has antigenic determinants different from those of the body.
- D. It combines with larger molecules that are capable of stimulating production of antibodies.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Antigens are captured, processed, and presented to lymphocytes by antigen-presenting cells like macrophages, initiating an immune response.
Which enzyme catalyzes the following reaction? Gap 5' - G G-A-T-C-C—3' ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ 3' - C-C-T-A-G G—5' Gap 5' - G-G-A-T-C-C—3' ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ 3' - C-C-T-A-G-G—5'
- A. DNA ligase
- B. DNA endonuclease
- C. None of the options are correct
- D. DNA polymerase 1
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: DNA ligase. DNA ligase catalyzes the joining of two DNA strands by forming a phosphodiester bond between the 3' hydroxyl of one nucleotide and the 5' phosphate of another. In the given reaction, the enzyme is needed to seal the nick in the DNA strands after the Okazaki fragments have been synthesized during DNA replication.
Explanation of other choices:
B: DNA endonuclease - Endonucleases cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain, not join two DNA strands.
C: None of the options are correct - This is incorrect as DNA ligase is the correct enzyme for this reaction.
D: DNA polymerase 1 - DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing chain, not joining two DNA strands.