Basic Immune System Quizlet

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Identify the disease in which the person's immune system no longer recognizes its own tissues or organs.

  • A. Allergies
  • B. Immunodeficiencies
  • C. Autoimmune diseases
  • D. Delayed hypersensitivity
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Autoimmune diseases. This is because autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues or organs. In this condition, the immune system fails to recognize self from non-self, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.

A: Allergies involve an exaggerated immune response to harmless substances, not attacking self-tissues.
B: Immunodeficiencies result in a weakened immune system, making it less effective at fighting infections, not attacking self-tissues.
D: Delayed hypersensitivity is a type of immune response that occurs hours to days after exposure to an allergen, not involving the immune system attacking self-tissues.

In summary, autoimmune diseases are characterized by the immune system targeting the body's own tissues or organs, distinguishing them from allergies, immunodeficiencies, and delayed hypersensitivity.

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Which of the following statements is incorrect about allergic reactions?

  • A. They always require a sensitization step during which specific IgE are secreted
  • B. Allergens causing hay fever are usually inhaled
  • C. Food allergy can cause hives
  • D. The current guidelines for preventing peanut allergy in infants is complete avoidance of peanuts and peanut-related products until at least six months of age
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because current guidelines actually recommend early introduction of peanuts to prevent peanut allergies, not complete avoidance. This is based on research showing early introduction can reduce the risk of developing peanut allergies. Choice A is correct as sensitization is a key step in allergic reactions. Choice B is correct as inhaled allergens can cause hay fever. Choice C is correct as food allergies can indeed manifest as hives.

The adaptive immune response:

  • A. Is dependent on the innate immune response for initiation
  • B. Involves both humoral and cell-mediated responses
  • C. Provides cytokines that influence the response of innate cells, i.e. macrophages
  • D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the adaptive immune response relies on the initiation by the innate immune response (A), involves both humoral (antibody production) and cell-mediated (T cell activation) responses (B), and produces cytokines that can modulate the activity of innate immune cells like macrophages (C). Therefore, all of the statements are true regarding the adaptive immune response, making option D the correct choice.

Choose the best definition for effector T cells. They are cells that

  • A. Have never seen their specific antigen
  • B. Have just seen their specific antigen and start to proliferate
  • C. Have been energized
  • D. Have been activated, expanded and are able to kill or help other cells
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Effector T cells are fully activated, expanded, and capable of carrying out their functions, such as killing infected cells or assisting in immune responses. The correct choice (D) accurately describes the characteristics of effector T cells. They are not naïve cells (A), as they have encountered their specific antigen. They are not just starting to proliferate (B), as they have already undergone extensive proliferation. They have not only been energized (C), but have also completed the necessary steps for full activation and functionality.

The nurse is caring for a patient who is experiencing an immune response involving B and T cells. Which type of immunity is the patient demonstrating?

  • A. Passive immunity
  • B. Humoral immunity
  • C. Acquired immunity
  • D. Cell-mediated immunity
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Humoral immunity. Humoral immunity involves B cells producing antibodies to target pathogens. B cells are responsible for producing antibodies that circulate in the blood and lymph to neutralize pathogens. This type of immunity is specific to antigens and is a key component of the adaptive immune response. Passive immunity (A) is when antibodies are transferred from one individual to another, not involving B and T cells directly. Acquired immunity (C) is a broad term encompassing both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Cell-mediated immunity (D) involves T cells directly targeting infected cells, not B cells producing antibodies.

Epithelial cells at mucosal sites have barrier functions exerted through several mechanisms. These mechanisms do not include:

  • A. Secretion of mucins
  • B. Secretion of antimicrobial peptides
  • C. Phagocytosis of microbes
  • D. Tight junctions
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Phagocytosis of microbes. Epithelial cells primarily act as a physical barrier to prevent the entry of microbes. Phagocytosis is a function of immune cells, not epithelial cells. A: Secretion of mucins helps trap pathogens. B: Secretion of antimicrobial peptides aids in defense. D: Tight junctions form a physical barrier between cells. Therefore, phagocytosis is not a direct mechanism exerted by epithelial cells at mucosal sites.

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