Nokea
All of the following drugs are parasympatholytic drugs EXCEPT:
- A. Hyoscine
- B. Atropine
- C. Pilocarpine
- D. Ipratropium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pilocarpine. Parasympatholytic drugs inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system. Pilocarpine, on the other hand, is a parasympathomimetic drug that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system. Hyoscine, Atropine, and Ipratropium are all parasympatholytic drugs that block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. Therefore, pilocarpine is the exception in this list.
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Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells?
- A. extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence on the hormone
- B. an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP
- C. second-messenger systems
- D. a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cellʹs DNA
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because steroids act by binding to intracellular receptors, forming a hormone-receptor complex that directly interacts with the cell's DNA to regulate gene expression. This leads to changes in protein synthesis and cell function.
A: Extracellular receptors do not have specificity for a single amino acid sequence on the hormone. Steroids act intracellularly.
B: Formation of cyclic AMP is associated with G-protein coupled receptors, not steroid receptors.
C: Second-messenger systems are typically involved in signaling cascades triggered by extracellular ligands, not steroids.
Pituitary Hormone Triggering the Male Testes to Generate Sperm and in Females, Triggering Follicular Development Every Month Is
- A. Prolactin
- B. Growth hormone
- C. Follicle-stimulating hormone
- D. Luteinizing hormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is responsible for triggering follicular development in females and sperm production in males. In females, FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles, leading to the release of an egg during ovulation. In males, FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testes to support the development of sperm.
A: Prolactin is not involved in the process of follicular development or sperm production.
B: Growth hormone is not directly related to the regulation of reproductive functions.
D: Luteinizing hormone (LH) is responsible for ovulation in females and testosterone production in males, but it is not the hormone that triggers follicular development or sperm production.
How do protein kinases affect enzymes?
- A. They add a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to the enzyme.
- B. They increase the release of an enzyme.
- C. They break down the enzyme.
- D. They increase the secretion of an enzyme.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
1. Protein kinases add a phosphate group to enzymes through phosphorylation.
2. Phosphorylation alters enzyme activity and can activate or deactivate enzymes.
3. This process regulates enzyme function and signaling pathways.
Summary of other choices:
B. Incorrect - Protein kinases do not increase enzyme release; they modify enzyme activity.
C. Incorrect - Protein kinases do not break down enzymes; they regulate their activity.
D. Incorrect - Protein kinases do not increase enzyme secretion; they modify enzyme function through phosphorylation.
What findings are commonly found in a patient with a prolactinoma?
- A. Gynecomastia in men
- B. Profuse menstruation in women
- C. Excess follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
- D. Signs of increased intracranial pressure, including headache, nausea, and vomiting
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Prolactinomas often cause gynecomastia in men and other symptoms due to increased prolactin secretion.
Which of these is not an endocrine gland?
- A. Pancreas.
- B. Testes.
- C. Salivary gland.
- D. Parathyroid.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the salivary gland. The salivary gland is not an endocrine gland because it secretes saliva directly into the oral cavity, rather than into the bloodstream like endocrine glands. The pancreas (A) secretes hormones such as insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. The testes (B) produce hormones like testosterone that are released into the bloodstream. The parathyroid (D) gland secretes parathyroid hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate calcium levels. In summary, the salivary gland is not considered an endocrine gland because it does not secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream for systemic effects.