Nokea
The small intestine runs from the stomach to the large intestine. It has three parts. Starting at the stomach, in which order do they occur?
- A. Ileum, duodenum, jejunum
- B. Jejunum, duodenum, ileum
- C. Duodenum, ileum, jejunum
- D. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct order is D: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine connected to the stomach for digestion. Next is the jejunum, where most of the nutrients are absorbed. Lastly, the ileum completes the absorption process before reaching the large intestine. Choice A is incorrect as it has the parts in the wrong order. Choice B also has the parts in the wrong order. Choice C has the duodenum and ileum in the correct position but switches the jejunum and ileum.
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Insulin:
- A. binds to GLUT 1-5 receptors in the peripheral tissues
- B. deficiency results in increased gluconeogenesis
- C. has a plasma half-life of 2-3 hours
- D. is secreted by the pancreatic A cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because insulin deficiency leads to increased gluconeogenesis due to the lack of inhibition on glucose production. Choice A is incorrect as insulin binds to GLUT 4 receptors, not GLUT 1-5. Choice C is wrong because insulin's half-life is only a few minutes. Choice D is also inaccurate as insulin is secreted by pancreatic beta cells, not A cells.
The nurse assesses the diabetic patient's technique of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) 3 months after initial instruction. Which error in the performance of SMBG noted by the nurse requires intervention?
- A. Doing the SMBG before and after exercising
- B. Puncturing the finger on the side of the finger pad
- C. Cleaning the puncture site with alcohol before the puncture
- D. Holding the hand down for a few minutes before the puncture
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Alcohol on the skin can interfere with glucose readings and should not be used to clean the puncture site.
Which one of the following is an appropriate nursing intervention for preparing a client for a CT scan?
- A. Consult the physician for the special preparation
- B. Provide general explanation to the client
- C. Inform client to temporarily eliminate salt from the diet
- D. Instruct the client to fast
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Providing a general explanation to the client about the CT scan ensures they understand the procedure and prepares them psychologically for the test.
The release of cortisol is stimulated by
- A. aldosterone
- B. angiotensin
- C. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- D. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is released by the pituitary gland in response to stress or low cortisol levels, stimulating the adrenal glands to release cortisol. Aldosterone (A) regulates electrolyte balance, angiotensin (B) regulates blood pressure, and antidiuretic hormone (C) regulates water balance, but they do not directly stimulate cortisol release. So, ACTH is the correct choice for stimulating cortisol production.
Jane Doe, 23, received her NPH insulin injection at 7:30 A.M., but due to oversight and a long wait in the x-ray department, she has not eaten for 14 hours. The nurse can anticipate which complication?
- A. Dehydration
- B. Ketoacidotic coma
- C. Insulin reaction
- D. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic coma
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Not eating after insulin injection can cause hypoglycemia, or an insulin reaction, due to the lack of food to balance the insulin effect.