Nokea
All of the following drugs increase the effects of depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents EXCEPT:
- A. Aminoglycosides
- B. Antiarrhythmic drugs
- C. Nondepolarizing blockers
- D. Local anesthetics
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Nondepolarizing blockers compete with depolarizing agents at the neuromuscular junction, reducing their effects.
2. Aminoglycosides can potentiate neuromuscular blockade.
3. Antiarrhythmic drugs can enhance neuromuscular blockade.
4. Local anesthetics can increase neuromuscular blockade.
5. Therefore, only nondepolarizing blockers do not increase the effects of depolarizing agents.
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The normal therapeutic plasma concentration of digitalis is
- A. 0.5 to 1.5 ng/ml and toxicity appears above 3 mg/ml
- B. 1 to 5 ng/µl and toxicity appears above 50 mg/ml
- C. 0.1 to 0.5 ug mg/ml and toxicity appears above 5
- D. 0.5 to 1.5 ug mg/ml and toxicity appears above 5 ug mg/ml
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Therapeutic digoxin levels are 0.5-1.5 ng/ml, with toxicity typically above 2-3 ng/ml (note: '3 mg/ml' seems a typo in the original).
Relationship between arterial blood pressure (BP), cardiac outpur (CO) and peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) can be described as
- A. BP = COxPVR
- B. BP = CO / PVR
- C. BP = PVR / CO
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The formula BP = CO x PVR is a fundamental principle in cardiovascular physiology, where blood pressure is the product of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance.
Indications of synthetic estrogens are following EXCEPT:
- A. Primary hypogonadism
- B. Postmenopausal hormonal therapy
- C. Hormonal contraception
- D. For treatment of simple obesity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Synthetic estrogens are used to treat conditions related to hormonal imbalances.
2. Primary hypogonadism, postmenopausal hormonal therapy, and hormonal contraception are common indications for synthetic estrogens.
3. Simple obesity is not a condition related to hormonal imbalances.
4. Thus, using synthetic estrogens for the treatment of simple obesity is not a valid indication.
Summary:
A, B, and C are valid indications for synthetic estrogens as they involve hormonal imbalances. D is incorrect as simple obesity does not involve hormonal imbalances.
A 57-year-old man with a 40 pack-year history of smoking develops small cell lung cancer. He begins to show signs of hyponatremia, and his urine is highly concentrated. The diagnosis of SIADH is made. Administration of which of the following metal ions may help?
- A. Cobalt
- B. Iron
- C. Lithium
- D. Magnesium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Lithium can treat SIADH by reducing renal response to ADH, correcting hyponatremia.
A 27-year-old woman with a history of high altitude sickness was placed on prophylactic treatment with a diuretic drug prior to going on a hiking trip in the Rocky Mountains. Which of the following urine electrolyte profiles is most consistent with this drug treatment?
- A. Pro le P
- B. Pro le Q
- C. Pro le R
- D. Pro le S
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. The diuretic drug causes increased urine output, leading to electrolyte imbalances characterized by low levels of potassium (hypoKalemia) and low levels of magnesium (hypoMagnesemia). This pattern is consistent with profile P. Choice B is incorrect because it suggests high potassium levels which would not be expected with diuretic use. Choice C is incorrect as it indicates high sodium levels which would typically be decreased with diuretic therapy. Choice D is incorrect as it shows normal electrolyte levels which would not be expected with diuretic-induced electrolyte imbalances.