Nokea
All of the following pairings are correct (assuming normal person at rest) EXCEPT
- A. Tidal volume = 500 ml
- B. Alveolar ventilation = 7500 ml
- C. Pulmonary blood flow = 5000 ml/min
- D. Functional residual capacity = volume of gas in lung after normal expiration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Alveolar ventilation = 7500 ml. Alveolar ventilation is the volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli per minute. It is calculated by subtracting the dead space ventilation from the tidal volume and then multiplying by the respiratory rate. In a normal person at rest, the average alveolar ventilation is around 4200 ml/min, not 7500 ml/min. Therefore, choice B is incorrect. Choices A, C, and D are correct because tidal volume is typically around 500 ml, pulmonary blood flow is about 5000 ml/min, and functional residual capacity is the volume of gas in the lung after normal expiration.
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All of the following are unpaired cartilage except.
- A. cricoid cartilage
- B. epiglottis
- C. Corniculate cartilage
- D. thyroid
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Corniculate cartilage. Corniculate cartilage is a paired cartilage found in the larynx, specifically at the apex of the arytenoids. The other choices, such as cricoid cartilage, epiglottis, and thyroid cartilage, are all unpaired cartilages. Cricoid cartilage is a complete ring, the epiglottis is a leaf-shaped cartilage, and the thyroid cartilage is the largest cartilage in the larynx. Therefore, Corniculate cartilage is the only paired cartilage among the options provided.
A nurse observes that a client's anteroposterior (AP) chest diameter is the same as the lateral chest diameter. Which question should the nurse ask the client in response to this finding?
- A. Are you taking any medications or herbal supplements?
- B. Do you have any chronic breathing problems?
- C. How often do you perform aerobic exercise?
- D. What is your occupation and what are your hobbies?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Do you have any chronic breathing problems? This question is relevant because equal AP and lateral chest diameters can indicate a condition called barrel chest, often associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Clients with COPD may have increased chest diameters due to air trapping. Asking about chronic breathing problems can help the nurse further assess the client's respiratory status.
Choice A is incorrect because medications or herbal supplements are not directly related to equal AP and lateral chest diameters. Choice C is incorrect as aerobic exercise frequency does not typically impact chest diameters in this manner. Choice D is also incorrect as occupation and hobbies are not likely to be directly linked to equal chest diameters.
Hemoglobin
- A. tends to release oxygen under warmer temperatures
- B. picks up more oxygen the higher its partial pressure.
- C. picks up more oxygen when it is saturated
- D. will give up oxygen when the partial pressure of oxygen is higher than it is in the lungs.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because hemoglobin follows the principle of partial pressure, which states that gases move from areas of higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure. Therefore, hemoglobin will pick up more oxygen when the partial pressure of oxygen is higher, such as in the lungs. Choice A is incorrect because hemoglobin actually releases oxygen at higher temperatures. Choice C is incorrect because hemoglobin picks up oxygen when it is not fully saturated. Choice D is incorrect because hemoglobin releases oxygen when the partial pressure of oxygen is higher, not when it is lower.
Which of the following changes does not occur at birth when an infant takes his or her first breaths?
- A. Blood flow to the lungs decreases
- B. The resistance in the pulmonary arteries decreases
- C. Changes in blood flow cause the foramen ovale to close
- D. Air enters the alveoli
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because at birth, when an infant takes their first breaths, blood flow to the lungs increases due to the expansion of the pulmonary vasculature. This allows for proper oxygenation of the blood. Choice B is incorrect as the resistance in the pulmonary arteries decreases to accommodate the increased blood flow to the lungs. Choice C is incorrect as changes in blood flow do cause the foramen ovale to close, ensuring proper circulation. Choice D is incorrect as air entering the alveoli is essential for oxygen exchange to occur in the lungs.
The nurse is caring for a patient who has just returned to the unit after a colon resection. The patient is showing signs of hypoxia. The nurse knows that this is probably caused by what?
- A. Nitrogen narcosis
- B. Infection
- C. Impaired diffusion
- D. Shunting
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Shunting. Hypoxia after a colon resection is likely due to shunting, which is a condition where blood bypasses the normal oxygenation process in the lungs, leading to decreased oxygen levels in the blood. Shunting can occur due to factors such as collapsed alveoli or blood vessel blockages.
Nitrogen narcosis (A) is not related to hypoxia but rather occurs in scuba divers exposed to high partial pressures of nitrogen. Infection (B) may cause fever and inflammation but is not the primary cause of hypoxia in this scenario. Impaired diffusion (C) refers to issues with gas exchange in the alveoli and is not the most likely cause of hypoxia after a colon resection.