Nokea
All statements are true EXCEPT: Doxazosin:
- A. Is a selective reversible alpha_1 receptor antagonist
- B. Should always be prescribed with a beta blocker to prevent reflex tachycardia
- C. Is associated with first-dose hypotension
- D. Reduces plasma LDL/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Doxazosin is an alpha-1 antagonist (A), causes first-dose hypotension (C), improves lipid profiles (D), and may worsen incontinence (E); a beta blocker is not mandatory (B).
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Beta-blocking agents have all of the following effects except:
- A. Increase plasma concentrations of HDL and decrease of VLDL
- B. Bronchoconstriction
- C. Decrease of aqueous humor prodaction
- D. “membrane-stabilizing” action
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because beta-blocking agents do not affect plasma lipid levels directly. Beta-blockers can decrease HDL levels and increase VLDL levels, which is opposite to choice A. Bronchoconstriction (B) is a common side effect of non-selective beta-blockers due to their action on beta-2 receptors in the lungs. Decrease in aqueous humor production (C) is a therapeutic effect of beta-blockers in treating glaucoma. "Membrane-stabilizing" action (D) refers to the ability of some beta-blockers to block sodium channels in the cardiac muscle, leading to antiarrhythmic effects.
The principal mechanism of fomepizol action is associated with inhibition of:
- A. Aldehyde dehydrogenase
- B. Acetylcholinesterase
- C. Alcohol dehydrogenase
- D. Monoamine oxidase
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is C: Alcohol dehydrogenase. Fomepizole is used in treating methanol and ethylene glycol toxicity by inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase, preventing the formation of toxic metabolites. This mechanism blocks the conversion of methanol and ethylene glycol into their toxic byproducts, formic acid, and glycolic acid, respectively. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as fomepizole does not target aldehyde dehydrogenase, acetylcholinesterase, or monoamine oxidase in this context.
The client has a heart rate of 40 with electrical activity beginning at the AV node. What type of rhythm is the client having?
- A. Normal sinus rhythm
- B. Atrial flutter
- C. Atrial fibrillation
- D. Junctional escape rhythm
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A rate of 40 bpm originating from the AV node (no P waves) is a junctional escape rhythm, a backup pacemaker.
Tick the luminal amebecide drug:
- A. Metronidazole
- B. Emetine
- C. Doxycycline
- D. Diloxanide
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Diloxanide. Diloxanide is a luminal amebicide, meaning it acts within the lumen of the intestines to target and eliminate amoebas residing there. This drug is specifically effective against amoebic cysts and is not absorbed systemically. Metronidazole (A) and Emetine (B) are tissue amebicides, which act systemically to target amoebas in tissues. Doxycycline (C) is an antibiotic commonly used for bacterial infections, not for treating amoebiasis. Therefore, Diloxanide (D) is the correct choice for a luminal amebicide drug.
When giving dextromethorphan, the nurse understands that this drug suppresses the cough reflex by which mechanism of action?
- A. Causing depression of the central nervous system
- B. Anesthetizing the stretch receptors
- C. Having direct action on the cough center
- D. Decreasing the viscosity of the bronchial secretions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because dextromethorphan suppresses the cough reflex by directly acting on the cough center in the brain. This drug inhibits the signals that trigger the cough reflex, leading to reduced coughing. Choice A is incorrect as dextromethorphan does not depress the central nervous system like opioids. Choice B is incorrect because dextromethorphan does not anesthetize stretch receptors. Choice D is incorrect as dextromethorphan does not affect the viscosity of bronchial secretions.