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Although a 14-month-old girl received a shock from an electrical outlet recently, her parent finds her about to place a paper clip in another outlet. Which is the best interpretation of this behavior?
- A. Her cognitive development is delayed.
- B. This is typical behavior because toddlers are not very developed.
- C. This is typical behavior because of toddlers inability to transfer remembering to new situations.
- D. This is not typical behavior because toddlers should know better than to repeat an act that caused pain.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During the tertiary circular reactions stage, children have only a rudimentary sense of the classification of objects. The appearance of an object denotes its function for these children. The slot of an outlet is for putting things into. This is typical behavior for a toddler, who is only somewhat aware of a causal relation between events. Her cognitive development is appropriate for her age.
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The developmental task with which the child of 15 to 30 months is likely to be struggling is a sense of which?
- A. Trust
- B. Initiative
- C. Intimacy
- D. Autonomy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the developmental task of toddlers. Trust versus mistrust is the developmental stage of infancy. Initiative versus guilt is the developmental stage of early childhood. Intimacy and solidarity versus isolation is the developmental stage of early adulthood.
Parents of an 18-month-old boy tells the nurse that he says no to everything and has rapid mood swings. If he is scolded, he shows anger and then immediately wants to be held. What is the nurses best interpretation of this behavior?
- A. This is normal behavior for his age.
- B. This is unusual behavior for his age.
- C. He is not effectively coping with stress.
- D. He is showing he needs more attention.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Toddlers use distinct behaviors in the quest for autonomy. They express their will with continued negativity and use of the word no. Children at this age also have rapid mood swings. The nurse should reassure the parents that their child is engaged in expected behavior for an 18-month-old.
A 17-month-old child should be expected to be in which stage, according to Piaget?
- A. Preoperations
- B. Concrete operations
- C. Tertiary circular reactions
- D. Secondary circular reactions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A 17-month-old is in the fifth stage of the sensorimotor phase, tertiary circular reactions. The child uses active experimentation to achieve previously unattainable goals. Preoperations is the stage of cognitive development usually present in older toddlers and preschoolers. Concrete operations is the cognitive stage associated with school-age children. The secondary circular reaction stage lasts from about ages 4 to 8 months.
What is a characteristic of a toddlers language development at age 18 months?
- A. Vocabulary of 25 words
- B. Use of holophrases
- C. Increasing level of understanding
- D. Approximately one third of speech understandable
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During the second year of life, the understanding and understanding of speech increase to a level far greater than the childs vocabulary. This is also true for bilingual children, who are able to achieve this linguistic milestone in both languages. An 18-month-old child has a vocabulary of approximately 10 words. At this age, the child does not use the one-word sentences that are characteristic of 1-year-old children. The child has a very limited vocabulary of single words that are comprehensible.
A parent asks the nurse about negativism in toddlers. What is the most appropriate recommendation?
- A. Punish the child.
- B. Provide more attention.
- C. Ask child not to always say no.
- D. Reduce the opportunities for a no answer.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The nurse should suggest to the parent that questions should be phrased with realistic choices rather than yes or no answers. This provides a sense of control for the toddler and reduces the opportunity for negativism. Negativism is not an indication of stubbornness or insolence and should not be punished. The negativism is not a function of attention; the child is testing limits to gain an understanding of the world. The toddler is too young to comply with requests not to say no.