Nokea
What developmental characteristic does not occur until a child reaches age 2 1/2 years?
- A. Birth weight has doubled.
- B. Anterior fontanel is still open.
- C. Primary dentition is complete.
- D. Binocularity may be established.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Usually by age 30 months, the primary dentition of 20 teeth is complete. Birth weight doubles at approximately ages 5 to 6 months. The anterior fontanel closes at ages 12 to 18 months. Binocularity is established by age 15 months.
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What is the leading cause of death during the toddler period?
- A. Injuries
- B. Infectious diseases
- C. Childhood diseases
- D. Congenital disorders
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Injuries are the most common cause of death in children ages 1 through 4 years. It is the highest rate of death from injuries of any childhood age group except adolescence. Congenital disorders are the second leading cause of death in this age group. Infectious and childhood diseases are less common causes of death in this age group.
What is a characteristic of a toddlers language development at age 18 months?
- A. Vocabulary of 25 words
- B. Use of holophrases
- C. Increasing level of understanding
- D. Approximately one third of speech understandable
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During the second year of life, the understanding and understanding of speech increase to a level far greater than the childs vocabulary. This is also true for bilingual children, who are able to achieve this linguistic milestone in both languages. An 18-month-old child has a vocabulary of approximately 10 words. At this age, the child does not use the one-word sentences that are characteristic of 1-year-old children. The child has a very limited vocabulary of single words that are comprehensible.
What factor is most important in predisposing toddlers to frequent infections?
- A. Respirations are abdominal.
- B. Pulse and respiratory rates in toddlers are slower than those in infants.
- C. Defense mechanisms are less efficient than those during infancy.
- D. Toddlers have short, straight internal ear canals and large lymph tissue.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Toddlers continue to have the short, straight internal ear canals of infants. The lymphoid tissue of the tonsils and adenoids continues to be relatively large. These two anatomic conditions combine to predispose toddlers to frequent infections. The abdominal respirations and lowered pulse and respiratory rate of toddlers do not affect their susceptibility to infection. The defense mechanisms are more efficient compared with those of infancy.
Parents of an 18-month-old boy tells the nurse that he says no to everything and has rapid mood swings. If he is scolded, he shows anger and then immediately wants to be held. What is the nurses best interpretation of this behavior?
- A. This is normal behavior for his age.
- B. This is unusual behavior for his age.
- C. He is not effectively coping with stress.
- D. He is showing he needs more attention.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Toddlers use distinct behaviors in the quest for autonomy. They express their will with continued negativity and use of the word no. Children at this age also have rapid mood swings. The nurse should reassure the parents that their child is engaged in expected behavior for an 18-month-old.
A toddler, age 16 months, falls down a few stairs. He gets up and scolds the stairs as if they caused him to fall. What is this an example of?
- A. Animism
- B. Ritualism
- C. Irreversibility
- D. Delayed cognitive development
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Animism is the attribution of lifelike qualities to inanimate objects. By scolding the stairs, the toddler is attributing human characteristics to them. Ritualism is the need to maintain sameness and reliability. It provides a sense of comfort to toddlers. Irreversibility is the inability to reverse or undo actions initiated physically. The toddler is acting in an age-appropriate manner.