Nokea
An increase in intra-ocular pressure occurs with:
- A. normal blinking
- B. coughing
- C. hypercarbia
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Intraocular pressure increases during normal blinking, coughing, and hypercarbia due to changes in intrathoracic pressure and blood flow.
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Do neurons make synapses with other neurons?
- A. No, the only role of neurons is to cause muscles to contract
- B. No, neurons can enervate tissues other than muscle, but there is no need for them to enervate other neurons
- C. Yes, neurons make contacts with other neurons that are identical to those they make with muscle cells
- D. Yes, however, the connections neurons make with each other differ from those they make with muscle cells in that cell-cell adhesion molecules link the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic membranes together
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Neurons form synapses with other neurons to create complex neural circuits. These synapses differ from neuromuscular junctions in their structure and function, often involving specialized cell-cell adhesion molecules and signaling mechanisms that enable precise communication between neurons.
Regarding the optic pathways
- A. Combined inferior rectus and superior oblique gives lateral gaze
- B. Abducent paralysis makes eye turn down and out
- C. Superior rectus makes eye turn up and out
- D. Trochlear paralysis, eye cannot look downwards when turned out
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The trochlear nerve (IV) innervates the superior oblique muscle, which depresses and abducts the eye. Paralysis of this nerve prevents downward gaze when the eye is turned inward.
The tectum is located in the _____________.
- A. hindbrain
- B. midbrain
- C. forebrain
- D. spinal cord
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The tectum is part of the midbrain and is involved in auditory and visual reflexes. It includes structures like the superior and inferior colliculi, which play roles in processing sensory information.
The dermatome supplying the great toe is usually
- A. L3
- B. L4
- C. L5
- D. S1
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The L5 dermatome supplies the great toe and the dorsum of the foot. This is important in diagnosing lumbar nerve root compression.
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine act because of their affect on receptors at the ________ membrane.
- A. axonal
- B. cell body
- C. presynaptic
- D. postsynaptic
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acetylcholine and norepinephrine exert their effects by binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of neurons. When these neurotransmitters bind to their receptors, they trigger changes in the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential, either exciting or inhibiting the neuron. This interaction is essential for transmitting signals across synapses and enabling communication within the nervous system.