Nokea
Anticholinesterase inhibitors are used to treat:
- A. Peptic ulcer disease
- B. Myasthenia gravis
- C. Both 1 and 2
- D. Neither 1 nor 2
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Anticholinesterases (e.g., pyridostigmine) treat myasthenia gravis by increasing acetylcholine.
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A nurse is teaching a client about preventing Otitis Externa. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include?
- A. Clean the ear with a cotton-tipped swab daily
- B. Place earplugs in the ears when sleeping at night.
- C. Use a cool water irrigation solution to remove earwax.
- D. Tip the head to the side to remove water from the ears after showering
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Tipping the head removes water, preventing moisture that promotes otitis externa.
While receiving treatment for kidney stones, a man complains of swelling and pain in his big toe and is found to have hyperuricemia
- A. Clomiphene
- B. Hydrochlorothiazide
- C. Furosemide
- D. Mifepristone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Thiazides like hydrochlorothiazide reduce uric acid excretion, causing hyperuricemia and gout.
Which of the following routes have the highest bioavailability?
- A. Oral
- B. IM
- C. IV
- D. SC
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Intravenous (IV) administration delivers the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring 100% bioavailability, unlike oral (first-pass effect) or IM/SC (slower absorption).
A nurse is instructing a pregnant patient concerning the potential risk to her fetus from a pregnancy category B drug. The nurse would inform the patient that:
- A. Adequate studies in pregnant women have demonstrated there is no risk to the fetus.'
- B. Animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus but there have been no adequate studies in pregnant women.'
- C. Animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.'
- D. There is evidence of human fetal risk but the potential benefits from use of the drug may be acceptable despite potential risks.'
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Category B indicates that animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus but there have been no adequate studies in pregnant women. However, there have not been adequate studies in pregnant women to demonstrate risk to a fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy and no evidence of risk in later trimesters. Category A indicates that adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first trimester or in later trimesters. Category C indicates that animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus but there have been no adequate studies in humans. Category D reveals evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits from the use of the drugs in pregnant women may outweigh the risks.
AH of the following do not cross the blood brain barrier except
- A. Pyridostigmine
- B. Neostigmine
- C. Physostigmine
- D. Ambenonium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Physostigmine, a tertiary amine, crosses the blood-brain barrier; others (quaternary amines) do not.