Nokea
Antidiuretic hormone _______________.
- A. controls metabolic rate
- B. controls the amount of urine one produces
- C. increases blood sugar
- D. controls reproduction
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: controls the amount of urine one produces. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the kidneys to regulate water reabsorption, thereby controlling the amount of urine produced. It does not control metabolic rate (A), increase blood sugar (C), or control reproduction (D). ADH's main function is to maintain water balance in the body by reducing urine output.
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Calcium level in the blood is regulated by the:
- A. Thyroid
- B. Parathyroid
- C. Adrenal medulla
- D. Both A & B
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Both A & B. The thyroid and parathyroid glands work together to regulate calcium levels in the blood. The parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone, which increases calcium levels, while the thyroid gland secretes calcitonin, which decreases calcium levels. Therefore, both glands play a crucial role in maintaining calcium homeostasis. Choice A, the thyroid gland, is incorrect as it primarily regulates metabolism. Choice C, the adrenal medulla, is incorrect as it is responsible for releasing adrenaline and noradrenaline, not regulating calcium levels.
Insulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all of the following tissues EXCEPT __________.
- A. the brain
- B. skeletal muscle
- C. the myocardium
- D. adipose tissue
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Insulin enhances glucose transport by promoting the translocation of glucose transporter proteins to the cell membrane. The brain does not require insulin for glucose uptake as it has a specialized transporter. Skeletal muscle, myocardium, and adipose tissue all rely on insulin for increased glucose transport. Therefore, the correct answer is A. The other choices (B, C, and D) are incorrect as they all depend on insulin to enhance glucose transport in their respective tissues.
Identify the mechanisms that control the production and release of hormones.
- A. hormonal, neural and sensory
- B. hormonal, humoral and neural
- C. hormonal, humoral and sensory
- D. humoral, neural and sensory
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: hormonal, humoral, and neural. Hormonal regulation involves feedback loops where hormone levels control their own production. Humoral regulation involves substances in body fluids influencing hormone release. Neural regulation involves the nervous system influencing hormone production. Option A is incorrect because sensory mechanisms do not directly control hormone production. Option C is incorrect because sensory mechanisms are not typically involved in hormone regulation. Option D is incorrect because hormonal control is a key mechanism that was omitted.
What are two effects of hypokalemia on the endocrine system?
- A. Decreased insulin and aldosterone release
- B. Decreased glucagon and increased cortisol release
- C. Decreased release of atrial natriuretic factor and increased ADH release
- D. Decreased release of parathyroid hormone and increased calcitonin release
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypokalemia can lead to decreased release of atrial natriuretic factor and increased ADH release as the body attempts to balance sodium and fluid levels.
Lactogenic hormone:
- A. is also called oxytocin.
- B. is a gonadotropin.
- C. stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk.
- D. exerts its greatest effect on the gonads.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Lactogenic hormone stimulates mammary glands to produce milk, essential for lactation.
2. Oxytocin is a different hormone that causes milk ejection, not production.
3. Gonadotropins like FSH and LH affect gonads, not lactation.
4. Choice C directly relates to lactation, making it the correct answer.