Nokea
Which of the following is least characteristic of the function of insulin?
- A. Increases glucose transport (into the cell).
- B. Suppresses gluconeogenesis.
- C. Lowers blood glucose.
- D. Increases the generation of ketone bodies.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because insulin does not increase the generation of ketone bodies. Insulin actually inhibits ketogenesis by promoting glucose utilization and storage, preventing the breakdown of fats for energy. A, B, and C are all characteristics of insulin's function: A) Insulin increases glucose transport into the cell to lower blood glucose levels; B) It suppresses gluconeogenesis, the production of new glucose in the liver; C) Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake and storage of glucose in cells.
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Which of the following are incorrectly paired?
- A. Gluconeogenesis : Cortisol
- B. Free fatty acid mobilization : Dehydroepiandrosterone
- C. Muscle glycogenolysis : Epinephrine
- D. Kaliuresis : Aldosterone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because free fatty acid mobilization is primarily regulated by cortisol, not dehydroepiandrosterone. Cortisol promotes lipolysis and stimulates the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue. Dehydroepiandrosterone is a precursor hormone mainly involved in sex hormone production and has minimal effects on free fatty acid mobilization. Choices A, C, and D are correctly paired as gluconeogenesis is stimulated by cortisol, muscle glycogenolysis is regulated by epinephrine, and kaliuresis is induced by aldosterone.
Which row shows the correct order of reactivity for the elements?
- A. silver, calcium, carbon, potassium
- B. silver, carbon, calcium, potassium
- C. sodium, hydrogen, zinc, gold
- D. sodium, zinc, hydrogen, gold
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct order of reactivity for elements is based on their tendency to lose electrons. In this case, sodium is the most reactive as it readily loses an electron to form a stable ion. Zinc is less reactive compared to sodium but more reactive than hydrogen and gold. Hydrogen is less reactive than both zinc and sodium. Gold is the least reactive among the options given. Therefore, the correct order of reactivity is sodium > zinc > hydrogen > gold, which matches option D. Choices A, B, and C do not follow the correct order of reactivity for the elements listed, making them incorrect.
A practical test to differentiate between myasthenia crisis and cholinergic crisis is by injecting the patient:
- A. Neostigmine
- B. Hyoscine
- C. Edrophonium
- D. Succinylcholine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Edrophonium is used to differentiate myasthenia crisis and cholinergic crisis by temporarily improving muscle weakness in myasthenia crisis but worsening symptoms in cholinergic crisis. Neostigmine (A) and Succinylcholine (D) can exacerbate cholinergic crisis. Hyoscine (B) is not used for this purpose.
Insulin:
- A. is secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
- B. is secreted by the liver.
- C. raises blood glucose levels.
- D. is released by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells.
2. Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas are responsible for secreting insulin.
3. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing glucose uptake and storage.
4. Therefore, choice A is correct as it accurately identifies the source of insulin secretion.
Summary:
- Choice B is incorrect as the liver does not secrete insulin.
- Choice C is incorrect as insulin lowers blood glucose levels.
- Choice D is incorrect as insulin is released in response to high, not low, blood glucose levels.
The secretions from which of these glands differs between males and females?
- A. Adrenal
- B. Gonads
- C. Parathyroid
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Gonads. Gonads are the primary reproductive organs, responsible for producing sex hormones and gametes. In males, the testes produce testosterone and sperm, while in females, the ovaries produce estrogen and eggs. Adrenal glands (A) produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which are not sex-specific. Parathyroid glands (C) regulate calcium levels in the body. Pancreas (D) produces insulin and digestive enzymes, unrelated to sex differences. Therefore, the secretion from gonads is the only one that differs between males and females due to their distinct reproductive functions.