Nokea
Regarding the thyroid gland; All are true Except:
- A. Is closely related to inferior (recurrent) laryngeal nerve
- B. Moves on swallowing
- C. Its isthmus is at level of thyroid cartilage
- D. Is invested by pretracheal fascia together with the parathyroids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Its isthmus is at the level of thyroid cartilage. The isthmus of the thyroid gland is located at the level of the cricoid cartilage, not the thyroid cartilage. The thyroid gland is closely related to the inferior (recurrent) laryngeal nerve (A), it moves on swallowing (B), and it is invested by pretracheal fascia together with the parathyroids (D). These choices are correct anatomical characteristics of the thyroid gland.
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Individualized nutrition therapy for patients using conventional, fixed insulin regimens should include teaching the patient to
- A. eat regular meals at regular times.
- B. restrict calories to promote moderate weight loss.
- C. eliminate sucrose and other simple sugars from the diet.
- D. limit saturated fat intake to 30% of dietary calorie intake.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Patients with fixed insulin regimens should eat regular meals to match insulin action and prevent hypoglycemia.
The Action of Parathormone in the Human Body
- A. Decreases blood sodium level
- B. Increases blood sodium level
- C. Decreases blood calcium level
- D. Increases blood calcium level
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Increases blood calcium level. Parathormone is released by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels. It acts to increase blood calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones, increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, and promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. This helps to maintain proper calcium levels in the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because parathormone does not have any direct effect on blood sodium levels and actually works to increase, not decrease, blood calcium levels.
The antagonistic hormone to insulin is __________.
- A. cortisol
- B. norepinephrine/epinephrine
- C. glucagon
- D. mineralocorticoids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: glucagon. Glucagon is the hormone that opposes the actions of insulin by increasing blood glucose levels. When blood sugar levels are low, glucagon signals the liver to release stored glucose, raising blood sugar levels. Cortisol (A) and mineralocorticoids (D) are not directly antagonistic to insulin. Norepinephrine/epinephrine (B) play a role in the fight-or-flight response, but they do not directly counteract insulin's actions on glucose regulation.
Which row gives the relative charges of electrons and neutrons?
- A. 0, 0
- B. 0, -1
- C. -1, 0
- D. -1, +1
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: -1, 0. Electrons have a charge of -1, while neutrons have no charge (0). This is because electrons are negatively charged particles, while neutrons are neutral. The other choices are incorrect because A: 0, 0 doesn't differentiate between the charges of electrons and neutrons, B: 0, -1 incorrectly assigns a charge to neutrons, and D: -1, +1 incorrectly assigns a charge to neutrons and doesn't represent the relative charges accurately.
In type 1 diabetes there is an osmotic effect of glucose when insulin deficiency prevents the use of glucose for energy. Which classic symptom is caused by the osmotic effect of glucose?
- A. Fatigue
- B. Polyphagia
- C. Polydipsia
- D. Recurrent infections
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Polydipsia is caused by the osmotic effect of glucose, leading to excessive urination and increased thirst.