Nokea
What are two effects of hypokalemia on the endocrine system?
- A. Decreased insulin and aldosterone release
- B. Decreased glucagon and increased cortisol release
- C. Decreased release of atrial natriuretic factor and increased ADH release
- D. Decreased release of parathyroid hormone and increased calcitonin release
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypokalemia can lead to decreased release of atrial natriuretic factor and increased ADH release as the body attempts to balance sodium and fluid levels.
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A nurse assesses a client who is prescribed a medication that stimulates beta1 receptors. Which assessment finding would indicate that the medication is effective?
- A. Heart rate of 92 beats/min
- B. Respiratory rate of 18 breaths/min
- C. Oxygenation saturation of 92%
- D. Blood pressure of 144/69 mm Hg
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Heart rate of 92 beats/min. Activation of beta1 receptors increases heart rate. Therefore, a heart rate of 92 beats/min indicates that the medication is effectively stimulating beta1 receptors. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not directly correlate with beta1 receptor stimulation. Choice B (Respiratory rate of 18 breaths/min) is influenced more by beta2 receptors. Choice C (Oxygenation saturation of 92%) is related to oxygen levels in the blood, not beta1 receptor stimulation. Choice D (Blood pressure of 144/69 mm Hg) is more affected by alpha receptor stimulation than beta1 receptor stimulation.
Regarding the thyroid gland; All are true Except:
- A. Is closely related to inferior (recurrent) laryngeal nerve
- B. Moves on swallowing
- C. Its isthmus is at level of thyroid cartilage
- D. Is invested by pretracheal fascia together with the parathyroids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Its isthmus is at the level of thyroid cartilage. The isthmus of the thyroid gland is located at the level of the cricoid cartilage, not the thyroid cartilage. The thyroid gland is closely related to the inferior (recurrent) laryngeal nerve (A), it moves on swallowing (B), and it is invested by pretracheal fascia together with the parathyroids (D). These choices are correct anatomical characteristics of the thyroid gland.
Lactogenic hormone:
- A. is also called oxytocin.
- B. is a gonadotropin.
- C. stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk.
- D. exerts its greatest effect on the gonads.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Lactogenic hormone stimulates mammary glands to produce milk, essential for lactation.
2. Oxytocin is a different hormone that causes milk ejection, not production.
3. Gonadotropins like FSH and LH affect gonads, not lactation.
4. Choice C directly relates to lactation, making it the correct answer.
The Action of Parathormone in the Human Body
- A. Decreases blood sodium level
- B. Increases blood sodium level
- C. Decreases blood calcium level
- D. Increases blood calcium level
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Increases blood calcium level. Parathormone is released by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels. It acts to increase blood calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones, increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, and promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. This helps to maintain proper calcium levels in the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because parathormone does not have any direct effect on blood sodium levels and actually works to increase, not decrease, blood calcium levels.
Individualized nutrition therapy for patients using conventional, fixed insulin regimens should include teaching the patient to
- A. eat regular meals at regular times.
- B. restrict calories to promote moderate weight loss.
- C. eliminate sucrose and other simple sugars from the diet.
- D. limit saturated fat intake to 30% of dietary calorie intake.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Patients with fixed insulin regimens should eat regular meals to match insulin action and prevent hypoglycemia.